Analgesic substances reduce pain in a variety of ways: as a local anesthetic or anti-nociceptive, and also via the nervous system. The menthol constituent in peppermint has shown topical anti-nociceptive activity, lavender aromatherapy has shown to calm nerves after surgery to help reduce pain, and comfrey has been used for centuries as an anti-inflammatory and pain reductive folk remedy. Depending on what type of bodily tissue is experiencing pain, differing pain reducing substances and routes may be more effective.
Consult with a Doctor when considering herbs, especially beyond food quantity amounts, to ingest for pain reduction. Herbs, especially in large doses, may interfere with certain medications and affect certain medical conditions. Also, be aware of any contraindications before topical use.
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RESEARCH
The listings of research below represent a compilation of scientific articles found on the topic, with a very brief overview description of each article/study. This compilation of research articles does not necessarily imply that there are adequate results to demonstrate safe and/or effective human use of any herb listed.
GENERAL
- In a review of research, listed were studies of essential oils affecting the gabaergic system to reduce neurological diseases with an antinociceptive, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and sedative effect. From: Wang, Z. J., & Heinbockel, T. (2018). Essential oils and their constituents targeting the gabaergic system and sodium channels as treatment of neurological diseases. Molecules, 23(5), 1061.
- Research on analgesic activities of essential oils is reviewed. Included is: wild caraway (Bunium persicum ), lemon (Citrus limon), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), hogweed (Heracleum persicum), Hofmeisteria schaffneri, bushmint (Hyptis fruticosa), star anise (Illicum lanceolatum), verbenea (Lippia gracilis), chamomile (Matricaria recutita), Cuban mint (Mentha x villosa), catmint (Nepeta crispa Willd), basil (Ocimum basilicum), Peperomia serpens, Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus, long pepper (Piper alyreanum), Summer savory (Satureja hortensis), Senecio rufinervis, Tetradenia riparia, Teucrium stocksianum, Ugni myricoides, valerian (Valeriana wallichii), Xylopia laevigata, and candeeiro (Vanillosmopsis arborea). From: Sarmento-Neto, J., do Nascimento, L., Felipe, C., & de Sousa, D. (2015). Analgesic potential of essential oils. Molecules, 21(1), 20.
- In a review of research, plants used to treat neuropathic pain include: Vernonia cinerea, Ocimum sanctum, Ferula hermonis, Sambucus nigra, Salvia officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica charantia, Butea monosperma, Punica granatum, Commiphora mukul, Ginkgo biloba, Crocus sativus , Cymbopogon martinii, Sinomenium acutum, Euterpe oleracea, Matricaria chamomilla, Nigella sativa, Aconiti tuber, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Artemisia dracunculus, Allium sepa, and Allium sativum. From: Verma, S., Jain, C. P., Chauhan, L. S., & Shukla, A. K. (2016). A review on treatment and management of neuropathic pain with herbal folk drugs. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(5), 104-110.
Essential oil constituents with an analgesic activity are reviewed. Included are p-cymene, carvacrol, linalool, eugenol, menthol, alpha-bisabolol, cinnamaldehyde, citronellal, citronellol, citronellyl acetate, alpha-phelandrene, alpha-terpeneol, vanillin, borneol, myrtenol, pulegone, citral, thymol, limonene, nerol, anethole, nerolidol, carvone, farnesol, and beta-caryphyllene. From: Lima, T., da Nóbrega, F., de Brito, A., & de Sousa, D. (2017). Analgesic-like activity of essential oil constituents: an update. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(12), 2392.
ARNICA
- Based on a review of studies, arnica may be helpful in reducing pain and inflammation. From: Iannitti, T., Morales-Medina, J. C., Bellavite, P., Rottigni, V., & Palmieri, B. (2016). Effectiveness and safety of Arnica montana in post-surgical setting, pain and inflammation. American journal of therapeutics, 23(1), e184-e197.
AJOWAN
- In a study of 92 patients with nocternal burning feet, application of a 10% ajowan cream applied twice a day for 2 and 4 weeks significantly reduced neuropathy pain. From: Petramfar, P., Moein, M., Samani, S. M., Tabatabaei, S. H., & Zarshenas, M. M. (2016). Trachyspermum ammi 10% topical cream versus placebo on neuropathic pain, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurological Sciences, 37(9), 1449-1455.
ALOE
- In an 8-week double blind study of 50 patients with lower back pain, an herbal blend was effective in reducing pain. The herbal blend was ingested daily and contained equal parts of Colchicum autumnale (root), Terminalia Chebula (fruit), Aloe vera (dried leaves), Astragalus gossypinus (gum), Cuminum cyminum (fruit), Zingiber officinale (root), Piper nigrum (fruit), Commiphora wightii (gum), and Pistacia lentiscus (gum). From: Malek, V. G., Parvari, S., Rouhani, Y., Jafari, F., Rahimi, R., & Abbassian, A. (2019). Efficacy of a traditional herbal formula based on Colchicum autumnale L. (Rhazes tablet) in low back pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 10(1), 27-33.
ASTRAGALUS
- In an 8-week double blind study of 50 patients with lower back pain, an herbal blend was effective in reducing pain. The herbal blend was ingested daily and contained equal parts of Colchicum autumnale (root), Terminalia Chebula (fruit), Aloe vera (dried leaves), Astragalus gossypinus (gum), Cuminum cyminum (fruit), Zingiber officinale (root), Piper nigrum (fruit), Commiphora wightii (gum), and Pistacia lentiscus (gum). From: Malek, V. G., Parvari, S., Rouhani, Y., Jafari, F., Rahimi, R., & Abbassian, A. (2019). Efficacy of a traditional herbal formula based on Colchicum autumnale L. (Rhazes tablet) in low back pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 10(1), 27-33.
BASIL
- In a review of research, plants used to treat neuropathic pain include: Vernonia cinerea, Ocimum sanctum, Ferula hermonis, Sambucus nigra, Salvia officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica charantia, Butea monosperma, Punica granatum, Commiphora mukul, Ginkgo biloba, Crocus sativus , Cymbopogon martinii, Sinomenium acutum, Euterpe oleracea, Matricaria chamomilla, Nigella sativa, Aconiti tuber, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Artemisia dracunculus, Allium sepa, and Allium sativum. From: Verma, S., Jain, C. P., Chauhan, L. S., & Shukla, A. K. (2016). A review on treatment and management of neuropathic pain with herbal folk drugs. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(5), 104-110.
BERGAMOT
- Aromatherapy with a diluted lavender and bergamot spray reduced pain, stress, depression and anxiety in a 4 week study of 84 older people with chronic pain. From: Tang, S. K., & Tse, M. Y. (2014). Aromatherapy: does it help to relieve pain, depression, anxiety, and stress in community-dwelling older persons?. BioMed research international, 2014
BLACK PEPPER
- In a study of 54 patients with differing types of pain, inhalation of black pepper essential oil reduced pain compared to placebo. From: Costa, R., Machado, J., & Abreu, C. (2016). Evaluation of Analgesic Properties of Piper Nigrum Essential Oil&58; a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study. World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2(2), 60-64.
- In an 8-week double blind study of 50 patients with lower back pain, an herbal blend was effective in reducing pain. The herbal blend was ingested daily and contained equal parts of Colchicum autumnale (root), Terminalia Chebula (fruit), Aloe vera (dried leaves), Astragalus gossypinus (gum), Cuminum cyminum (fruit), Zingiber officinale (root), Piper nigrum (fruit), Commiphora wightii (gum), and Pistacia lentiscus (gum). From: Malek, V. G., Parvari, S., Rouhani, Y., Jafari, F., Rahimi, R., & Abbassian, A. (2019). Efficacy of a traditional herbal formula based on Colchicum autumnale L.(Rhazes tablet) in low back pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 10(1), 27-33.
- In a study of 60 participants with neck pain, a blend of black pepper, lavender, peppermint, and marjoram essential oil in an 3% dilution applied topically helped reduce pain and improve range of motion compared to the placebo. From: Ou, M. C., Lee, Y. F., Li, C. C., & Wu, S. K. (2014). The effectiveness of essential oils for patients with neck pain: A randomized controlled study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(10), 771-779.
- Piper nigrum and the piperine constituent possess potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. From: Tasleem, F., Azhar, I., Ali, S. N., Perveen, S., & Mahmood, Z. A. (2014). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Piper nigrum L. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 7, S461-S468.
CANNABIS
- In a review of using cannabis in a dermatology clinics, the author summarized the following approved indications included:psoriasis, lupus, nail-patella syndrome, and severe pain. The author further indicated that preliminary studies show potential for the plant in treating: acne, dermatitis, pruritus, wound healing, and skin cancer. More human studies are needed. From: Dhadwal, G., & Kirchhof, M. G. (2018). The Risks and Benefits of Cannabis in the Dermatology Clinic. Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery, 22(2), 194-199.
- This in vitro study demonstrated a dose of 0.6–6.2 mg/day of a CBD gel significantly reduced arthritic joint pain and swelling. From: Hammell, D. C., Zhang, L. P., Ma, F., Abshire, S. M., McIlwrath, S. L., Stinchcomb, A. L., & Westlund, K. N. (2016). Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain‐related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis. European Journal of Pain, 20(6), 936-948.
CARROT SEED
- Carrot seed extract inhibited enzymes to reduced inflammation and be analgesic comparative to Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen and Celebrex. From: Momin, R. A., De Witt, D. L., & Nair, M. G. (2003). Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes by compounds from Daucus carota L. seeds. Phytotherapy Research, 17(8), 976-979.
CAYENNE
- Ointments containing comfrey, cayenne pepper, Ledum palustre, and Rhus toxicodendron reduced lower back pain in a double blind multi-center clinical trial of 161 subjects.From: Stam, C., Bonnet, M. S., & van Haselen, R. A. (2001). The efficacy and safety of a homeopathic gel in the treatment of acute low back pain: a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind comparative clinical trial. British Homeopathic Journal, 90(01), 21-28.
CHAMOMILE
- In a double blind study of 46 diabetic patients with neuropathic pain, receiving an aromatherapy massage three times a week for 4 weeks reduced pain. Essential oils used included: rosemary, geranium, lavender, eucalyptus, and chamomile. From: Gok Metin, Z., Arikan Donmez, A., Izgu, N., Ozdemir, L., & Arslan, I. E. (2017). Aromatherapy Massage for Neuropathic Pain and Quality of Life in Diabetic Patients. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49(4), 379-388.
- In a review of research, plants used to treat neuropathic pain include: Vernonia cinerea, Ocimum sanctum, Ferula hermonis, Sambucus nigra, Salvia officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica charantia, Butea monosperma, Punica granatum, Commiphora mukul, Ginkgo biloba, Crocus sativus , Cymbopogon martinii, Sinomenium acutum, Euterpe oleracea, Matricaria chamomilla, Nigella sativa, Aconiti tuber, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Artemisia dracunculus, Allium sepa, and Allium sativum. From: Verma, S., Jain, C. P., Chauhan, L. S., & Shukla, A. K. (2016). A review on treatment and management of neuropathic pain with herbal folk drugs. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(5), 104-110.
1,8-CINEOLE
- 1,8-cineole may be effective as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. From: Santos, F. A., & Rao, V. S. N. (2000). Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of 1, 8-cineole a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils. Phytotherapy research, 14(4), 240-244.
CITRONELLA
- Citronella had an anti-nociceptive effect in vivo. From Santos, P. L., Brito, R. G., Oliveira, M. A., Quintans, J. S., Guimaraes, A. G., Santos, M. R., … & Araujo, A. A. (2016). Docking, characterization and investigation of β-cyclodextrin complexed with citronellal, a monoterpene present in the essential oil of Cymbopogon species, as an anti-hyperalgesic agent in chronic muscle pain model. Phytomedicine, 23(9), 948-957.
CLARY SAGE
- Salvia sclarea had an anti-nociceptive effect in mice. From: Moretti, M. D., Peana, A. T., & Satta, M. (1997). A study on anti-inflammatory and peripheral analgesic action of Salvia sclarea oil and its main components. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 9(2), 199-204.
CINNAMON
- Mentha piperita, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Apium graveolens, Eucalyptus camaldulentis, and Ruta graveolens possessed an anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in rodents. From: Atta, A. H., & Alkofahi, A. (1998). Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of some Jordanian medicinal plant extracts. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 60(2), 117-124.
CISTUS
- Aqueous extracts from two cistus species showed in vivo anti-inflammatory and both central and peripheral analgesic activities. From: Sayah, K., Chemlal, L., Marmouzi, I., El Jemli, M., Cherrah, Y., & Faouzi, M. E. A. (2017). In vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Cistus salviifolius (L.) and Cistus monspeliensis (L.) aqueous extracts. South African Journal of Botany, 113, 160-163.
CLOVE
- Clove combined with rosemary reduced inflammatory pain in vivo. From: Beltrán-Villalobos, K. L., Déciga-Campos, M., Aguilar-Mariscal, H., González-Trujano, M. E., Martínez-Salazar, M. F., de los Ángeles Ramírez-Cisneros, M., … & López-Muñoz, F. J. (2017). Synergistic antinociceptive interaction of Syzygium aromaticum or Rosmarinus officinalis coadministered with ketorolac in rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 94, 858-864.
COMFREY
- Ointments containing comfrey, cayenne pepper, Ledum palustre, and Rhus toxicodendron reduced lower back pain in a double-blind multi-center clinical trial of 161 subjects. From: Stam, C., Bonnet, M. S., & van Haselen, R. A. (2001). The efficacy and safety of a homeopathic gel in the treatment of acute low back pain: a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind comparative clinical trial. British Homeopathic Journal, 90(01), 21-28.
- In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with 220 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, a comfrey root ointment reduced pain. From: Grube, B., Grünwald, J., Krug, L., & Staiger, C. (2007). Efficacy of a comfrey root (Symphyti offic. radix) extract ointment in the treatment of patients with painful osteoarthritis of the knee: results of a double-blind, randomised, bicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine, 14(1), 2-10.
- A double-blind randomized study with 120 patients that had acute back pain showed a fast-acting reduction in pain with the use of a comfrey root extract ointment. From: Giannetti, B. M., Staiger, C., Bulitta, M., & Predel, H. G. (2010). Efficacy and safety of comfrey root extract ointment in the treatment of acute upper or lower back pain: results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. British journal of sports medicine, 44(9), 637-641.
- In a randomized clinical trial of 164 patients with ankle sprains, swelling and pain was improved using a comfrey root extract more so than a diclo-fenac gel. From: Predel, H. G., Giannetti, B., Koll, R., Bulitta, M., & Staiger, C. (2005). Efficacy of a Comfrey root extract ointment in comparison to a Diclo-fenac gel in the treatment of ankle distortions: Results of an observer-blind, randomized, multicenter study. Phytomedicine, 12(10), 707-714.
- In a double blind study, a topical cream containing comfrey, tannic acid, and eucalyptus reduced pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis of the knee. From: Smith, D. B., & Jacobson, B. H. (2011). Effect of a blend of comfrey root extract (Symphytum officinale L.) and tannic acid creams in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multiclinical trials. Journal of chiropractic medicine, 10(3), 147-156.
- Symptoms of swelling, pain, and mobility of ankle distortions was improved with the topical application of a comfrey cream. From: Kučera, M., Barna, M., Horáček, O., Kováriková, J., & Kučera, A. (2004). Efficacy and safety of topically applied Symphytum herb extract cream in the treatment of ankle distortion: Results of a randomized controlled clinical double-blind study. WMW Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 154(21), 498-507.
- An ointment containing comfrey reduced lower back pain with exercise. From: Jurcău, R., & Jurcău, I. (2013). Influence of moderate physical exertion on subacute low back pain, after Symphytum officinale ointment treatment. Palestrica of the Third Millennium Civilization & Sport, 14(3).
- With ankle sprains, comfrey was safe and effective in reducing inflammation and pain. From: Koll, R., Buhr, M., Dieter, R., Pabst, H., Predel, H. G., Petrowicz, O., … & Staiger, C. (2004). Efficacy and tolerance of a comfrey root extract (Extr. Rad. Symphyti) in the treatment of ankle distorsions: results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Phytomedicine, 11(6), 470-477.
CUMIN
- In a review of research, plants used to treat neuropathic pain include: Vernonia cinerea, Ocimum sanctum, Ferula hermonis, Sambucus nigra, Salvia officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica charantia, Butea monosperma, Punica granatum, Commiphora mukul, Ginkgo biloba, Crocus sativus , Cymbopogon martinii, Sinomenium acutum, Euterpe oleracea, Matricaria chamomilla, Nigella sativa, Aconiti tuber, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Artemisia dracunculus, Allium sepa, and Allium sativum. From: Verma, S., Jain, C. P., Chauhan, L. S., & Shukla, A. K. (2016). A review on treatment and management of neuropathic pain with herbal folk drugs. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(5), 104-110.
CURCUMIN
- In a double blind study of rheumatoid arthritis patients who took curcumin, they noticed a significant improvement in symptoms. From: Dcodhar, S. D., Sethi, R., & Srimal, R. C. (2013). Preliminary study on antirheumatic activity of curcumin (diferuloyl methane). Indian journal of medical research, 138(1).
ELDER / ELDERBERRY
- In a review of research, plants used to treat neuropathic pain include: Vernonia cinerea, Ocimum sanctum, Ferula hermonis, Sambucus nigra, Salvia officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica charantia, Butea monosperma, Punica granatum, Commiphora mukul, Ginkgo biloba, Crocus sativus , Cymbopogon martinii, Sinomenium acutum, Euterpe oleracea, Matricaria chamomilla, Nigella sativa, Aconiti tuber, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Artemisia dracunculus, Allium sepa, and Allium sativum. From: Verma, S., Jain, C. P., Chauhan, L. S., & Shukla, A. K. (2016). A review on treatment and management of neuropathic pain with herbal folk drugs. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(5), 104-110.
EUCALYPTUS
- In a double blind study of 46 diabetic patients with neuropathic pain, receiving an aromatherapy massage three times a week for 4 weeks reduced pain. Essential oils used included: rosemary, geranium, lavender, eucalyptus, and chamomile. From: Gok Metin, Z., Arikan Donmez, A., Izgu, N., Ozdemir, L., & Arslan, I. E. (2017). Aromatherapy Massage for Neuropathic Pain and Quality of Life in Diabetic Patients. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49(4), 379-388.
- In a double blind study, a topical cream containing comfrey, tannic acid, and eucalyptus reduced pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis of the knee. From: Smith, D. B., & Jacobson, B. H. (2011). Effect of a blend of comfrey root extract (Symphytum officinale L.) and tannic acid creams in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multiclinical trials. Journal of chiropractic medicine, 10(3), 147-156.
- Mentha piperita, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Apium graveolens, Eucalyptus camaldulentis, and Ruta graveolens possessed an anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in rodents. From: Atta, A. H., & Alkofahi, A. (1998). Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of some Jordanian medicinal plant extracts. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 60(2), 117-124.
FENNEL
- Oral intake of Foeniculum vulgare inhibited acute and subacute inflammatory diseases and type IV allergic reactions, and demonstrated a central analgesic effect. From: Choi, E. M., & Hwang, J. K. (2004). Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare. Fitoterapia, 75(6), 557-565.
- Alpha-pinene and fenchone from fennel were both antinociceptive in this in vivo study. From: Him, A., Ozbek, H., Turel, I., & Oner, A. C. (2008). Antinociceptive activity of alpha-pinene and fenchone. Pharmacologyonline, 3, 363-369.
GARLIC
- In a review of research, plants used to treat neuropathic pain include: Vernonia cinerea, Ocimum sanctum, Ferula hermonis, Sambucus nigra, Salvia officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica charantia, Butea monosperma, Punica granatum, Commiphora mukul, Ginkgo biloba, Crocus sativus , Cymbopogon martinii, Sinomenium acutum, Euterpe oleracea, Matricaria chamomilla, Nigella sativa, Aconiti tuber, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Artemisia dracunculus, Allium sepa, and Allium sativum. From: Verma, S., Jain, C. P., Chauhan, L. S., & Shukla, A. K. (2016). A review on treatment and management of neuropathic pain with herbal folk drugs. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(5), 104-110.
GERANIUM
- In a double blind study of 46 diabetic patients with neuropathic pain, receiving an aromatherapy massage three times a week for 4 weeks reduced pain. Essential oils used included: rosemary, geranium, lavender, eucalyptus, and chamomile. From: Gok Metin, Z., Arikan Donmez, A., Izgu, N., Ozdemir, L., & Arslan, I. E. (2017). Aromatherapy Massage for Neuropathic Pain and Quality of Life in Diabetic Patients. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49(4), 379-388.
GINGER
In a randomized controlled study of 140 elderly people who received a thai massage, the group who received a massage with topical ginger oil had more pain reduction. A 30-min massage session was administered two times a week for five weeks to both the control group and the test group. From: Sritoomma, N., Moyle, W., Cooke, M., & O’Dwyer, S. (2014). The effectiveness of Swedish massage with aromatic ginger oil in treating chronic low back pain in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Complementary therapies in medicine, 22(1), 26-33.
Multiple studies were reviewed about the use of ginger for reducing pain. From: Rondanelli, M., Fossari, F., Vecchio, V., Gasparri, C., Peroni, G., Spadaccini, D., … & Perna, S. (2020). Clinical trials on pain lowering effect of ginger: A narrative review. Phytotherapy Research, 34(11), 2843-2856.
In a randomized study of 75 participants to evaluate the effects of ginger cream in either 7% or 14% concentration used over 7 days significantly decreased delayed onset muscle soreness associated with exercise. From: Manimmanakorn, N., Manimmanakorn, A., Boobphachart, D., Thuwakum, W., Laupattarakasem, W., & Hamlin, M. J. (2016). Effects of Zingiber cassumunar (Plai cream) in the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness. Journal of integrative medicine, 14(2), 114-120.
In a double-blind placebo-controlled study of 59 elderly people with chronic knee pain, six massage sessions were given with oils of ginger and orange over a 3-week period vs just plain olive oil for the control group. The aromatic group showed significant improvements in nee pain intensity, stiffness, and physical function. From: Yip, Y. B., & Tam, A. C. Y. (2008). An experimental study on the effectiveness of massage with aromatic ginger and orange essential oil for moderate-to-severe knee pain among the elderly in Hong Kong. Complementary therapies in medicine, 16(3), 131-138.
In a study with 32 experienced runners, the group who received 1.425g of ginger a day for 5 days had significantly reduced pain / soarness. From: Wilson, P. B. (2018). A Randomized Double-Blind Trial of Ginger Root for Reducing Muscle Soreness and Improving Physical Performance Recovery Among Experienced Recreational Distance Runners. Journal of dietary supplements, 1-12.- In an 8-week double blind study of 50 patients with lower back pain, an herbal blend was effective in reducing pain. The herbal blend was ingested daily and contained equal parts of Colchicum autumnale (root), Terminalia Chebula (fruit), Aloe vera (dried leaves), Astragalus gossypinus (gum), Cuminum cyminum (fruit), Zingiber officinale (root), Piper nigrum (fruit), Commiphora wightii (gum), and Pistacia lentiscus (gum). From: Malek, V. G., Parvari, S., Rouhani, Y., Jafari, F., Rahimi, R., & Abbassian, A. (2019). Efficacy of a traditional herbal formula based on Colchicum autumnale L.(Rhazes tablet) in low back pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 10(1), 27-33.
In a randomized, controlled, blinded study of 94 children pre-anesthesia, the group who received the aroma of lavender and ginger provided comfort with less noticeable distress. From: Nord, D., & Belew, J. (2009). Effectiveness of the essential oils lavender and ginger in promoting children’s comfort in a perianesthesia setting. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 24(5), 307-312.
- Ginger essential oil demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and antinociceptive activity in vivo. From: Jeena, K., Liju, V. B., & Kuttan, R. (2013). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of essential oil from ginger. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 57(1), 51-62.
- Arthritis patients experienced relief of pain and swelling with the use of ginger extract. From: Srivastava, K. C., & Mustafa, T. (1992). Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in rheumatism and musculoskeletal disorders. Medical hypotheses, 39(4), 342-348.
- Gingerol possessed analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in paw edema. From: Young, H. Y., Luo, Y. L., Cheng, H. Y., Hsieh, W. C., Liao, J. C., & Peng, W. H. (2005). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of [6]-gingerol. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 96(1), 207-210.
- Ginger essential oil demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and antinociceptive activity in vivo. From: Jeena, K., Liju, V. B., & Kuttan, R. (2013). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of essential oil from ginger. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 57(1), 51-62.
GINKGO
- In a review of research, plants used to treat neuropathic pain include: Vernonia cinerea, Ocimum sanctum, Ferula hermonis, Sambucus nigra, Salvia officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica charantia, Butea monosperma, Punica granatum, Commiphora mukul, Ginkgo biloba, Crocus sativus , Cymbopogon martinii, Sinomenium acutum, Euterpe oleracea, Matricaria chamomilla, Nigella sativa, Aconiti tuber, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Artemisia dracunculus, Allium sepa, and Allium sativum. From: Verma, S., Jain, C. P., Chauhan, L. S., & Shukla, A. K. (2016). A review on treatment and management of neuropathic pain with herbal folk drugs. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(5), 104-110.
HOPS
- A product with hops, rosemary, and oleanolic acid reduced pain in arthritis subjects. From: Lukaczer, D., Darland, G., Tripp, M., Liska, D. A., Lerman, R. H., Schiltz, B., & Bland, J. S. (2005). A Pilot trial evaluating meta050, a proprietary combination of reduced iso‐alpha acids, rosemary extract and oleanolic acid in patients with arthritis and fibromyalgia. Phytotherapy Research, 19(10), 864-869.
- A formula of from hops, rosemary, and oleanolic acid reduced pain of osteoarthritis. From: Minich, D. M., Bland, J. S., Katke, J., Darland, G., Hall, A., Lerman, R. H., … & Tripp, M. (2007). Clinical safety and efficacy of NG440: a novel combination of rho iso-alpha acids from hops, rosemary, and oleanolic acid for inflammatory conditions This article is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue (part 1 of 2) on the Safety and Efficacy of Natural Health Products. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 85(9), 872-883.
LAVENDER
- In a double blind study of 46 diabetic patients with neuropathic pain, receiving an aromatherapy massage three times a week for 4 weeks reduced pain. Essential oils used included: rosemary, geranium, lavender, eucalyptus, and chamomile. From: Gok Metin, Z., Arikan Donmez, A., Izgu, N., Ozdemir, L., & Arslan, I. E. (2017). Aromatherapy Massage for Neuropathic Pain and Quality of Life in Diabetic Patients. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49(4), 379-388.
- This study of 120 women in labor demonstrated that the group that received aromatherapy with essential oils of either rose and/or lavender had reduced pain compared to the control group. From: Chughtai, A., Navaee, M., Alijanvand, M. H., & Yaghoubinia, F. (2018). Comparing the Effect of Aromatherapy With Essential Oils of Rosa damascena and Lavender Alone and in Combination on Severity of Pain in the First Phase of Labor in Primiparous Women. Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, 5(4), 312-319.
In a randomized clinical trial of 150 children ages 8-12, groups who received aromatherapy of lavender or sweet orange via a nebulizing diffuser or inhaler demonstrated less pain and anxiety associated with dental procedures. From: Nirmala, K., & Kamatham, R. (2021). Effect of Aromatherapy on Dental Anxiety and Pain in Children Undergoing Local Anesthetic Administrations: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Caring Sciences, 10(3), 111.
In a randomized, controlled, blinded study of 94 children pre-anesthesia, the group who received the aroma of lavender and ginger provided comfort with less noticeable distress. From: Nord, D., & Belew, J. (2009). Effectiveness of the essential oils lavender and ginger in promoting children’s comfort in a perianesthesia setting. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 24(5), 307-312.
- Lavender aromatherapy reduced the demand for opioids after surgery. From: Kim, J. T., Ren, C. J., Fielding, G. A., Pitti, A., Kasumi, T., Wajda, M., … & Bekker, A. (2007). Treatment with lavender aromatherapy in the post-anesthesia care unit reduces opioid requirements of morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obesity surgery, 17(7), 920-925.
- Aromatherapy with a diluted lavender and bergamot spray reduced pain, stress, depression and anxiety in a 4 week study of 84 older people with chronic pain. From: Tang, S. K., & Tse, M. Y. (2014). Aromatherapy: does it help to relieve pain, depression, anxiety, and stress in community-dwelling older persons?. BioMed research international, 2014.
- In a study of 60 participants with neck pain, a blend of black pepper, lavender, peppermint, and marjoram essential oil in an 3% dilution applied topically helped reduce pain and improve range of motion compared to the placebo. From: Ou, M. C., Lee, Y. F., Li, C. C., & Wu, S. K. (2014). The effectiveness of essential oils for patients with neck pain: A randomized controlled study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(10), 771-779.
- Acupressure using lavender, rosemary, and peppermint was more effective than just acupressure alone in relieving shoulder pain in stroke patients. From: Shin, B. C., & Lee, M. S. (2007). Effects of aromatherapy acupressure on hemiplegic shoulder pain and motor power in stroke patients: a pilot study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(2), 247-252.
LEMONGRASS / MYRCENE
- Lemongrass essential oil had both a peripheral and central antinociceptive effect in vivo. From: Viana, G. S. B., Vale, T. G., Pinho, R. S. N., & Matos, F. J. A. (2000). Antinociceptive effect of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 70(3), 323-327.
- In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated an analgesic effect of lemongrass. This maybe related to the release of endogenous opioids and maybe related to the myrcene constituent. From: Natural Medicines (2018). Lemongrass Monograph. Retrieved in July, 2016. Retrieved from www.naturalmedicines.com
- Myrcene from lemongrass had an antinociceptive effect in mice. From: Rao, V. S. N., Menezes, A. M. S., & Viana, G. S. B. (1990). Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 42(12), 877-878.
- Beta myrcene had an analgesic effect in mice. From: Lorenzetti, B. B., Souza, G. E., Sarti, S. J., Santos Filho, D., & Ferreira, S. H. (1991). Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 34(1), 43-48.
- Myricetin (from Myrica rubra) possessed potent topical analgesic activity in rodents. From: Tong, Y., Zhou, X. M., Wang, S. J., Yang, Y., & Cao, Y. L. (2009). Analgesic activity of myricetin isolated from Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. leaves. Archives of pharmacal research, 32(4), 527-533.
MARGORAM
- In a study of 60 participants with neck pain, a blend of black pepper, lavender, peppermint, and marjoram essential oil in an 3% dilution applied topically helped reduce pain and improve range of motion compared to the placebo. From: Ou, M. C., Lee, Y. F., Li, C. C., & Wu, S. K. (2014). The effectiveness of essential oils for patients with neck pain: A randomized controlled study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(10), 771-779.
MARRUBIN
- Marrubiin extracted from M. vulgare exhibited a potent and dose-related antinociceptive effects. From: De Jesus, R. A. P., Cechinel-Filho, V., Oliveira, A. E., & Schlemper, V. (2000). Analysis of the antinociceptive properties of marrubiin isolated from Marrubium vulgare. Phytomedicine, 7(2), 111-115.
- Marrubiin extracted from horehound was analgesic in mice. From: Meyre-Silva, C., Yunes, R. A., Schlemper, V., Campos-Buzzi, F., & Cechinel-Filho, V. (2005). Analgesic potential of marrubiin derivatives, a bioactive diterpene present in Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae). Il Farmaco, 60(4), 321-326.
MOTHERWORT
- Motherwort showed central and peripheral antinociceptive actions in mice. From: Rezaee-Asl, M., Sabour, M., Nikoui, V., Ostadhadi, S., & Bakhtiarian, A. (2014). The study of analgesic effects of Leonurus cardiaca L. in mice by formalin, tail flick and hot plate tests. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2014.
MUGWORT
- Extracts from yarrow and mugwort had a peripheral antinociceptive effect in vivo. From: Pires, J. M., Mendes, F. R., Negri, G., Duarte‐Almeida, J. M., & Carlini, E. A. (2009). Antinociceptive peripheral effect of Achillea millefolium L. and Artemisia vulgaris L.: both plants known popularly by brand names of analgesic drugs. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 23(2), 212-219.
MYRRH
- In a study of 184 volunteers with pain, a supplement containing myrrh taken daily for 20 days had an analgesic effect. From: Germano, A., Occhipinti, A., Barbero, F., & Maffei, M. E. (2017). A pilot study on bioactive constituents and analgesic effects of MyrLiq®, a Commiphora myrrha extract with a high furanodiene content. BioMed research international, 2017.
NUTMEG
- Nutmeg showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-thrombotic, and anti-diarrhoeal actions in rats. Excessive use resulted in gastric ulcers. From: Olajide, O. A., Makinde, J. M., & Awe, S. O. (2000). Evaluation of the pharmacological properties of nutmeg oil in rats and mice. Pharmaceutical biology, 38(5), 385-390.
ORANGE
- In a double-blind placebo-controlled study of 59 elderly people with chronic knee pain, six massage sessions were given with oils of ginger and orange over a 3-week period vs just plain olive oil for the control group. The aromatic group showed significant improvements in nee pain intensity, stiffness, and physical function. From: Yip, Y. B., & Tam, A. C. Y. (2008). An experimental study on the effectiveness of massage with aromatic ginger and orange essential oil for moderate-to-severe knee pain among the elderly in Hong Kong. Complementary therapies in medicine, 16(3), 131-138.
In a randomized clinical trial of 150 children ages 8-12, groups who received aromatherapy of lavender or sweet orange via a nebulizing diffuser or inhaler demonstrated less pain and anxiety associated with dental procedures. From: Nirmala, K., & Kamatham, R. (2021). Effect of Aromatherapy on Dental Anxiety and Pain in Children Undergoing Local Anesthetic Administrations: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Caring Sciences, 10(3), 111.
- In a randomized small controlled study with nurses after two consecutive days of working, both a foot bath or a topical spray with peppermint and orange essential oils helped reduce lower extremity edema, pain, and fatigue. From: Han, A., Kim, J., & Hur, M. H. (2022). Effects of Foot Bath and Spray Application of Peppermint and Grapefruit Essential Oils on Lower Extremity Edema, Pain, and Fatigue. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 13(1), 375-386.
PALMAROSA
- In a review of research, plants used to treat neuropathic pain include: Vernonia cinerea, Ocimum sanctum, Ferula hermonis, Sambucus nigra, Salvia officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica charantia, Butea monosperma, Punica granatum, Commiphora mukul, Ginkgo biloba, Crocus sativus , Cymbopogon martinii, Sinomenium acutum, Euterpe oleracea, Matricaria chamomilla, Nigella sativa, Aconiti tuber, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Artemisia dracunculus, Allium sepa, and Allium sativum. From: Verma, S., Jain, C. P., Chauhan, L. S., & Shukla, A. K. (2016). A review on treatment and management of neuropathic pain with herbal folk drugs. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(5), 104-110.
PEPPER
- In a double-blind,randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter parallel group study with 320 patients, three weeks of treating low back pain with capsicum plaster was statistically beneficial compared to the placebo. From: Frerick, H., Keitel, W., Kuhn, U., Schmidt, S., Bredehorst, A., & Kuhlmann, M. (2003). Topical treatment of chronic low back pain with a capsicum plaster. Pain, 106(1-2), 59-64.
- Meta-analysis found capsaicin cream to be effective in easing pain associated with diabetic neuropathy and osteoarthritis. From: Zhang, W. Y., & Li Wan Po, A. (1994). The effectiveness of topically applied capsaicin. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 46(6), 517-522.
- In a study of 23 patients with chronic neck pain, a cream with 025% of the active ingredient of chili peppers applied 4 times a day for 5 weeks helped reduced symptoms. From: Mathias, B. J., Dillingham, T. R., Zeigler, D. N., Chang, A. S., & Belandres, P. V. (1995). Topical capsaicin for chronic neck pain. A pilot study. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 74(1), 39-44.
PEPPERMINT / SPEARMINT / MENTHOL
In a review of research, menthol was shown to impart a topical cooling effect, desensitizing nociceptors, to offer analgesic activity. From: Pergolizzi Jr, J. V., Taylor Jr, R., LeQuang, J. A., Raffa, R. B., & NEMA Research Group. (2018). The role and mechanism of action of menthol in topical analgesic products. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 43(3), 313-319.
- In a randomized small controlled study with nurses after two consecutive days of working, both a foot bath or a topical spray with peppermint and orange essential oils helped reduce lower extremity edema, pain, and fatigue. From: Han, A., Kim, J., & Hur, M. H. (2022). Effects of Foot Bath and Spray Application of Peppermint and Grapefruit Essential Oils on Lower Extremity Edema, Pain, and Fatigue. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 13(1), 375-386.
- In 22 patients with chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy, application of 1% menthol twice a day for 6 weeks. Side effects were minimal and most of the patients experienced improved function and reduced pain. From: Storey, D. J., Colvin, L. A., Scott, A. C., Boyle, D., Green, L., Jones, A. P., & Fallon, M. T. (2010). Treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) with topical menthol: A phase I study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28(15_suppl), 9129-9129.
In 16 subjects, a 3.5% topical menthol was more effective than ice in reducing exercise related muscle soreness and the menthol treatement also showed improved muscle force. From: Johar, P., Grover, V., Topp, R., & Behm, D. G. (2012). A comparison of topical menthol to ice on pain, evoked tetanic and voluntary force during delayed onset muscle soreness. International journal of sports physical therapy, 7(3), 314.
Menthol applied over a 1-week period showed analgesic activity in 10 participants. From: Mahn, F., Hüllemann, P., Wasner, G., Baron, R., & Binder, A. (2014). Topical high‐concentration menthol: reproducibility of a human surrogate pain model. European Journal of Pain, 18(9), 1248-1258.
- Topical application of menthol on humans affects nociceptors to reduce pain. From: Wasner, G., Schattschneider, J., Binder, A., & Baron, R. (2004). Topical menthol—a human model for cold pain by activation and sensitization of C nociceptors. Brain, 127(5), 1159-1171.
- Mentha piperita, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Apium graveolens, Eucalyptus camaldulentis, and Ruta graveolens possessed an anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in rodents. From: Atta, A. H., & Alkofahi, A. (1998). Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of some Jordanian medicinal plant extracts. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 60(2), 117-124.
- Menthol improved the analgesic efficacy of tetracaine gel, likely in related to enhanced percutaneous permeation. From: Liu, Y., Ye, X., Feng, X., Zhou, G., Rong, Z., Fang, C., & Chen, H. (2005). Menthol facilitates the skin analgesic effect of tetracaine gel. International journal of pharmaceutics, 305(1), 31-36.A
- A review of research was conducted on the analgesic activities of the topical use of spearmint to treat osteoarthritis pain. From: Mahboubi, M. (2017). Mentha spicata as natural analgesia for treatment of pain in osteoarthritis patients. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 26, 1-4.
- Acupressure using lavender, rosemary, and peppermint was more effective than just acupressure alone in relieving shoulder pain in stroke patients. From: Shin, B. C., & Lee, M. S. (2007). Effects of aromatherapy acupressure on hemiplegic shoulder pain and motor power in stroke patients: a pilot study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(2), 247-252.
- In a study of 60 participants with neck pain, a blend of black pepper, lavender, peppermint, and marjoram essential oil in an 3% dilution applied topically helped reduce pain and improve range of motion compared to the placebo. From: Ou, M. C., Lee, Y. F., Li, C. C., & Wu, S. K. (2014). The effectiveness of essential oils for patients with neck pain: A randomized controlled study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(10), 771-779.
In ten healthy men, menthol was applied in varying concentrations to the left thigh (0.5, 4.6, and 10 percent). The 4.6% concentration showed the strongest amount of cooling. From: Lasanen, R., Julkunen, P., Airaksinen, O., & Töyräs, J. (2016). Menthol concentration in topical cold gel does not have significant effect on skin cooling. Skin Research and Technology, 22(1), 40-45.
PLANTAIN
- Aqueous extract of Plantago major showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in mouse paw edema. From: Núñez Guillén, M. E., da Silva Emim, J. A., Souccar, C., & Lapa, A. J. (1997). Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Plantago major L. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 35(2), 99-104.
ROSE
- In a study of 96 children ages 3-6, post operative pain was reduced with the inhalation of geranium or rose essential oil aroma compared to the placebo. From: MAROFI, M., SIROSFARD, M., & ALIMOHAMMADI, N. (2015). The effect of aromatherapy with Rosa damascene mill and pelargonium graveolens on post-operative pain intensity in pediatrics.
- In a randomized clinical trial of 50 patients with severe burns, aromatherapy with diffused Damask rose significantyl reduced pain intensity during and after wound dressing changes. From: Bikmoradi, A., Harorani, M., Roshanaei, G., Moradkhani, S., & Falahinia, G. H. (2016). The effect of inhalation aromatherapy with damask rose (Rosa damascena) essence on the pain intensity after dressing in patients with burns: A clinical randomized trial. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 21(3), 247.
- In a study of 111 women giving birth, rose water poured over the hands of women in labor significantly reduced pain compared to the placebo. From: Roozbahani, N., Attarha, M., AkbariTorkestani, N., AmiriFarahani, L., & Heidari, T. (2015). The effect of rose water aromatherapy on reducing labor pain in primiparous women. Complementary Medicine Journal of faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, 5(1), 1042-1053.
- This study of 120 women in labor demonstrated that the group that received aromatherapy with essential oils of either rose and/or lavender had reduced pain compared to the control group. From: Chughtai, A., Navaee, M., Alijanvand, M. H., & Yaghoubinia, F. (2018). Comparing the Effect of Aromatherapy With Essential Oils of Rosa damascena and Lavender Alone and in Combination on Severity of Pain in the First Phase of Labor in Primiparous Women. Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, 5(4), 312-319.
- In a study of 120 pregnant women with lower back pain, rose oil in an almond carrier oil applied topically over 4 weeks significantly reduced pain without side effects. From: Shirazi, M., Mohebitabar, S., Bioos, S., Yekaninejad, M. S., Rahimi, R., Shahpiri, Z., … & Nejatbakhsh, F. (2017). The effect of topical Rosa damascena (rose) oil on pregnancy-related low back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of evidence-based complementary & alternative medicine, 22(1), 120-126.
- In a study of 100 women with dysmenorrhea, inhaling rose aroma reduced pain. From: Uysal, M., Doğru, H. Y., Sapmaz, E., Tas, U., Çakmak, B., Ozsoy, A. Z., … & Esen, M. (2016). Investigating the effect of rose essential oil in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 24, 45-49.
- In a study of 92 women who had just had a c-section, a rosehip extract reduced pain without side effects compared to the placebo. From: Gharabaghi, P. M., Tabatabei, F., Fard, S. A., Sayyah-Melli, M., Del Azar, E. O. A., Khoei, S. A., … & Mashrabi, O. (2011). Evaluation of the effect of preemptive administration of Rosa damascena extract on post-operative pain in elective cesarean sections. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 5(16), 1950-1955.
- In a double-blind study with 64 children, inhalation of Rosa damascena reduced post-surgery pain. From: Marofi, M., Sirousfard, M., Moeini, M., & Ghanadi, A. (2015). Evaluation of the effect of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena Mill. on postoperative pain intensity in hospitalized children in selected hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2013: A randomized clinical trial. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 20(2), 247.
- In a study with 110 women in their first stage of labor, the group receiving rose aromatherapy had reduced anxiety and pain. From: Hamdamian, S., Nazarpour, S., Simbar, M., Hajian, S., Mojab, F., & Talebi, A. (2018). Effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on nulliparous women’s pain and anxiety of labor during first stage of labor. Journal of integrative medicine, 16(2), 120-125.
ROSEMARY
- In a double-blind study of 46 diabetic patients with neuropathic pain, receiving an aromatherapy massage three times a week for 4 weeks reduced pain. Essential oils used included: rosemary, geranium, lavender, eucalyptus, and chamomile. From: Gok Metin, Z., Arikan Donmez, A., Izgu, N., Ozdemir, L., & Arslan, I. E. (2017). Aromatherapy Massage for Neuropathic Pain and Quality of Life in Diabetic Patients. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49(4), 379-388.
- A product with hops, rosemary, and oleanolic acid reduced pain in arthritis subjects. From: Lukaczer, D., Darland, G., Tripp, M., Liska, D. A., Lerman, R. H., Schiltz, B., & Bland, J. S. (2005). A Pilot trial evaluating meta050, a proprietary combination of reduced iso‐alpha acids, rosemary extract and oleanolic acid in patients with arthritis and fibromyalgia. Phytotherapy Research, 19(10), 864-869.
- A formula of from hops, rosemary, and oleanolic acid reduced pain of osteoarthritis. From: Minich, D. M., Bland, J. S., Katke, J., Darland, G., Hall, A., Lerman, R. H., … & Tripp, M. (2007). Clinical safety and efficacy of NG440: a novel combination of rho iso-alpha acids from hops, rosemary, and oleanolic acid for inflammatory conditions This article is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue (part 1 of 2) on the Safety and Efficacy of Natural Health Products. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 85(9), 872-883.
- Acupressure using lavender, rosemary, and peppermint was more effective than just acupressure alone in relieving shoulder pain in stroke patients. From: Shin, B. C., & Lee, M. S. (2007). Effects of aromatherapy acupressure on hemiplegic shoulder pain and motor power in stroke patients: a pilot study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(2), 247-252.
- Rosemary demonstrated strong antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. From: González-Trujano, M. E., Peña, E. I., Martínez, A. L., Moreno, J., Guevara-Fefer, P., Deciga-Campos, M., & López-Muñoz, F. J. (2007). Evaluation of the antinociceptive effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. using three different experimental models in rodents. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 111(3), 476-482.
- Rosemary was spasmolytic, improved local blood circulation and alleviated pain. From: Sagorchev, P., Lukanov, J., & Beer, A. M. (2010). Investigations into the specific effects of rosemary oil at the receptor level. Phytomedicine, 17(8), 693-697.
- Rosemary essential oil had an anti-inflammatory and peripheral antinociceptive activity on mice. From: Takaki, I., Bersani-Amado, L. E., Vendruscolo, A., Sartoretto, S. M., Diniz, S. P., Bersani-Amado, C. A., & Cuman, R. K. N. (2008). Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil in experimental animal models. Journal of Medicinal food, 11(4), 741-746.
RUE
- Mentha piperita, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Apium graveolens, Eucalyptus camaldulentis, and Ruta graveolens possessed an anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in rodents. From: Atta, A. H., & Alkofahi, A. (1998). Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of some Jordanian medicinal plant extracts. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 60(2), 117-124.
SAGE
- In a randomized controlled trial of 420 patients receiving a tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy, an oral rinse containing sage post surgery had an antinociceptive effect. From: Lalićević, S., & Djordjević, I. (2004). Comparison of benzydamine hydrochloride and Salvia officinalis as an adjuvant local treatment to systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in controlling pain after tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, or both: an open-label, single-blind, randomized clinical trial. Current therapeutic research, 65(4), 360-372.
- In a review of research, plants used to treat neuropathic pain include: Vernonia cinerea, Ocimum sanctum, Ferula hermonis, Sambucus nigra, Salvia officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica charantia, Butea monosperma, Punica granatum, Commiphora mukul, Ginkgo biloba, Crocus sativus , Cymbopogon martinii, Sinomenium acutum, Euterpe oleracea, Matricaria chamomilla, Nigella sativa, Aconiti tuber, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Artemisia dracunculus, Allium sepa, and Allium sativum. From: Verma, S., Jain, C. P., Chauhan, L. S., & Shukla, A. K. (2016). A review on treatment and management of neuropathic pain with herbal folk drugs. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(5), 104-110.
THYMOL / THYME
- There were antinociceptive and local anaesthetic effects of thymol and menthol in rats. From: Haeseler, G., Maue, D., Grosskreutz, J., Bufler, J., Nentwig, B., Piepenbrock, S., … & Leuwer, M. (2002). Voltage-dependent block of neuronal and skeletal muscle sodium channels by thymol and menthol. European journal of anaesthesiology, 19(08), 571-579.
TURMERIC
- In an 8-week double blind study of 50 patients with lower back pain, an herbal blend was effective in reducing pain. The herbal blend was ingested daily and contained equal parts of Colchicum autumnale (root), Terminalia Chebula (fruit), Aloe vera (dried leaves), Astragalus gossypinus (gum), Cuminum cyminum (fruit), Zingiber officinale (root), Piper nigrum (fruit), Commiphora wightii (gum), and Pistacia lentiscus (gum). From: Malek, V. G., Parvari, S., Rouhani, Y., Jafari, F., Rahimi, R., & Abbassian, A. (2019). Efficacy of a traditional herbal formula based on Colchicum autumnale L.(Rhazes tablet) in low back pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 10(1), 27-33.
YARROW
- Extracts from yarrow and mugwort had a peripheral antinociceptive effect in vivo. From: Pires, J. M., Mendes, F. R., Negri, G., Duarte‐Almeida, J. M., & Carlini, E. A. (2009). Antinociceptive peripheral effect of Achillea millefolium L. and Artemisia vulgaris L.: both plants known popularly by brand names of analgesic drugs. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 23(2), 212-219.
Compiled by: Kathy Sadowski
Last updated: 12/21/2022
