Antiviral

Antiviral herbs and essential oils may help reduce viral infections.  Echinacea has proven noteworthy in helping with prevention of common cold viruses.  For most botanicals, more research is needed to determine safe and effective amounts.

Antiviral – Recipes

Elderberry Cold & Flu Syrup Recipe

Sage Tea

What is a goji berry?

Blog Articles

Can essential oils offer antiviral activities against the flu?  Read more:  Do Essential Oils Work for Fighting the Flu

What are some of the myths about using essential oils to fight the coronavirus?  Read more: The Coronavirus and Essential Oil Myths

RESEARCH

The listings of research below represent a compilation of scientific articles found on the topic, with a very brief overview description of each article/study. This compilation of research articles does not necessarily imply that there are adequate results to demonstrate safe and/or effective human use of any herb listed.

GENERAL

• This meta analysis concluded echinacea reduced respiratory tract infections.  From:  Schapowal, A., Klein, P., & Johnston, S. L. (2015). Echinacea reduces the risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections and complications: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Advances in therapy, 32(3), 187-200.
• A thorough review of research on the antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities of essential oils was provided.  From:  Reichling, J., Schnitzler, P., Suschke, U., & Saller, R. (2009). Essential oils of aromatic plants with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and cytotoxic properties–an overview. Complementary Medicine Research, 16(2), 79-90.
• The use of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs against viral infections was reviewed.  From: Huang, J., Su, D., Feng, Y., Liu, K., & Song, Y. (2014). Antiviral herbs-present and future. Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Infectious Disorders), 14(1), 61-73.
• Essential oils from Columbia of the Labiatae family showed the most anti-herpetic activity, with Lepechinia salvifolia (pitchersage), Hyptis mutabilis (bushmint), Lepechinia vulcanicola (pitchersage), Mintostachys mollis (mint) and Ocimum campechianum (basil) inhibiting activity during early stages of the herpes infection.  From:  Brand, Y. M., Roa-Linares, V. C., Betancur-Galvis, L. A., Durán-García, D. C., & Stashenko, E. (2016). Antiviral activity of Colombian Labiatae and Verbenaceae family essential oils and monoterpenes on Human Herpes viruses. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 28(2), 130-137.
• The following essential oils were tested and showed varying degrees of antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities: Anethum graveolens, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha piperita, Mentha spicata, Lavandula officinalis, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum onites, O. vulgare, O. munitiflorum, O. majorana, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, and Satureja cuneifolia. From: Orhan, İlkay Erdoğan, et al. “Antimicrobial and antiviral effects of essential oils from selected Umbelliferae and Labiatae plants and individual essential oil components.” Turkish Journal of Biology 36.3 (2012): 239-246.
• This article summarized the antiviral activities of various essential oils against flu viruses. From: Setzer, W. N. (2016). Essential oils as complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of influenza. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 4(4), 16-22.

AGRIMONY

• Extracts from the stems and leaves of the agrimony plant inhibited the hepatitis B virus in vitro.  Extracts retrieved in mid July were the strongest.  From:  Kwon, D. H., Kwon, H. Y., Kim, H. J., Chang, E. J., Kim, M. B., Yoon, S. K., … & Choi, Y. K. (2005). Inhibition of hepatitis B virus by an aqueous extract of Agrimonia eupatoria L. Phytotherapy Research, 19(4), 355-358.

ALOE

• Female patients with HIV had improved weight gain and CD4 counts with the use of aloe vera gruel.  From:  Olatunya, O. S., Olatunya, A. M., Anyabolu, H. C., Adejuyigbe, E. A., & Oyelami, O. A. (2012). Preliminary trial of aloe vera gruel on HIV infection. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 18(9), 850-853.
• Aloe was effective in curing the first episodes of herpes in men.  From:  Syed, T. A., Afzal, M., Ahmad, S. A., Holt, A. H., Ahmad, S. A., & Ahmad, S. H. (1997). Management of genital herpes in men with 0.5% Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 8(2), 99-102.
• Anthraquinones from the following plants inactivated the Herpes I virus:  Rheum officinale (rhubarb), Aloe barbadensis (aloe), Rhamnus frangula (alder buckthorn), Rhamnus purshianus (cascara buckthorn), and Cassia angustifolia (senna).  Other virus species were also affected by these plants in varying amounts.  From:  Sydiskis, R. J., Owen, D. G., Lohr, J. L., Rosler, K. H., & Blomster, R. N. (1991). Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 35(12), 2463-2466.
• Aloe-emodin was effective in vitro against the human influenza infection virus.  From:  Li, S. W., Yang, T. C., Lai, C. C., Huang, S. H., Liao, J. M., Wan, L., … & Lin, C. W. (2014). Antiviral activity of aloe-emodin against influenza A virus via galectin-3 up-regulation. European journal of pharmacology, 738, 125-132.

ANGELICA

• Coumarins from angelica root extracts showed activity against the herpes simplex virus – 1 in vitro. From: Rajtar, B., Skalicka-Woźniak, K., Świątek, Ł., Stec, A., Boguszewska, A., & Polz-Dacewicz, M. (2017). Antiviral effect of compounds derived from Angelica archangelica L. on Herpes simplex virus-1 and Coxsackievirus B3 infections. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 109, 1026-1031.

ANISE / STAR ANISE

• Antiviral activity was demonstrated against herpes simplex virus type 1 in vitro.  Star anise oil reduced viral infectivity by 99%, phenylpropanoids inhibited HSV infectivity by 60–80% and sesquiterpenes suppressed infection by 40–98%.  From:  Astani, A., Reichling, J., & Schnitzler, P. (2011). Screening for antiviral activities of isolated compounds from essential oils. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2011.
• P. anisum showed antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, human cytomegalovirus, and the measles virus,  and interfered with virus adsorption to the host cell surface, and enhanced nitric oxide production related to macrophage cells.   From:  Lee, J. B., Yamagishi, C., Hayashi, K., & Hayashi, T. (2011). Antiviral and immunostimulating effects of lignin-carbohydrate-protein complexes from Pimpinella anisum. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 75(3), 459-465.
• This review of star anise discusses its antiviral activities. From: Patra, J. K., Das, G., Bose, S., Banerjee, S., Vishnuprasad, C. N., del Pilar Rodriguez‐Torres, M., & Shin, H. S. (2020). Star anise (Illicium verum): Chemical compounds, antiviral properties, and clinical relevance. Phytotherapy Research.

BASIL

• Ocimum basilicum’s camphor and 1,8-cineole showed the lowest cytotoxicities and the best antiviral activities in the virucidal assay.  From:  Kubiça, T. F., Alves, S. H., Weiblen, R., & Lovato, L. T. (2014). In vitro inhibition of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus by the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum (basil) and monoterpenes. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 45(1), 209-214.
• Melissa, peppermint, basil, perilla, prunella, and winter savory showed potent anti-HIV-1 activity. From:  Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., MORI, H., OTAKE, T., UEDA, N., … & MURATA, H. (1998). Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 21(8), 829-833.

BAYBERRY, CHINESE

• Extracts from the bark of Myrica rubra showed antiviral activity against herpes 2.  From:  Cheng, H. Y., Lin, T. C., Ishimaru, K., Yang, C. M., Wang, K. C., & Lin, C. C. (2003). In vitro antiviral activity of prodelphinidin B-2 3, 3′-di-O-gallate from Myrica rubra. Planta medica, 69(10), 953-956.

BENZOIN

• Benzyl benzoate in combination with ivermectin was effective in treating the scabies virus.  From:  Bachewar, N. P., Thawani, V. R., Mali, S. N., Gharpure, K. J., Shingade, V. P., & Dakhale, G. N. (2009). Comparison of safety, efficacy, and cost effectiveness of benzyl benzoate, permethrin, and ivermectin in patients of scabies. Indian journal of pharmacology, 41(1), 9.

BURDOCK

• Arctigenin from the burdock plant showed in vitro antiviral activity against the influenza virus.  From:  Hayashi, K., Narutaki, K., Nagaoka, Y., Hayashi, T., & Uesato, S. (2010). Therapeutic effect of arctiin and arctigenin in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice infected with influenza A virus. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 33(7), 1199-1205.
• Arctigenin, a key constituent found in burdock, significantly reduced pneumonia symtoms caused by the influenza virus and reduced death rate in infected mice. From: Yang, Z., Liu, N., Huang, B., Wang, Y., Hu, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2005). Effect of anti-influenza virus of arctigenin in vivo. Zhong yao cai= Zhongyaocai= Journal of Chinese medicinal materials, 28(11), 1012-1014.

BUCKTHORN

• Anthraquinones from the following plants inactivated the Herpes I virus:  Rheum officinale (rhubarb), Aloe barbadensis (aloe), Rhamnus frangula (alder buckthorn), Rhamnus purshianus (cascara buckthorn), and Cassia angustifolia (senna).  Other virus species were also affected by these plants in varying amounts.  From:  Sydiskis, R. J., Owen, D. G., Lohr, J. L., Rosler, K. H., & Blomster, R. N. (1991). Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 35(12), 2463-2466.

CARROT

• Blends with Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus globulus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, and Origanum vulgare showed in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities against antibiotic resistant pathogens, candida strains, and both the H1N1 and HSV1 viruses. From: Brochot, A., Guilbot, A., Haddioui, L., & Roques, C. (2017). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects of three essential oil blends. MicrobiologyOpen, 6(4), e00459.

CHAMOMILE

• Laurus nobilis and Juniperus oxycedrus demonstrated significant antiviral activity against Herpes HSV-1 in vitro.  From:  Loizzo, M. R., Saab, A. M., Tundis, R., Statti, G. A., Menichini, F., Lampronti, I., … & Doerr, H. W. (2008). Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiviral activities of the essential oils of seven Lebanon species. Chemistry & biodiversity, 5(3), 461-470.

CINNAMON

• Ten minutes of exposure of vapors from essential oils Citrus bergamia, Eucalyptus globulus, and the constituents citronellol and eugenol were very active against the influenza virus. Vapors of Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cymbopogon flexuosus were very active with 30 minutes of exposure. Further, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus bergamia, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Thymus vulgaris liquid essential oils displayed 100% inhibitory activity at a 3.1 µL/mL concentration. From: Vimalanathan, S., & Hudson, J. (2014). Anti-influenza virus activity of essential oils and vapors. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 2(1), 47-53.
• Cinnamaldehyde showed in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against influenza growth. From: Hayashi, K., Imanishi, N., Kashiwayama, Y., Kawano, A., Terasawa, K., Shimada, Y., & Ochiai, H. (2007). Inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde, derived from Cinnamomi cortex, on the growth of influenza A/PR/8 virus in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Research, 74(1), 1-8.
• Blends with Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus globulus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, and Origanum vulgare showed in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities against antibiotic resistant pathogens, candida strains, and both the H1N1 and HSV1 viruses. From: Brochot, A., Guilbot, A., Haddioui, L., & Roques, C. (2017). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects of three essential oil blends. MicrobiologyOpen, 6(4), e00459.
• A blend of cinnamon bark, clove bud, sweet orange, eucalyptus, and rosemary essential oils reduced flu virus activity in vitro. From: Wu, S., Patel, K. B., Booth, L. J., Metcalf, J. P., Lin, H. K., & Wu, W. (2010). Protective essential oil attenuates influenza virus infection: an in vitro study in MDCK cells. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 10(1), 69.

CLOVE

• This was a short review of the biological activity of Eugenia caryophyllata:  it has been effective against many microorganisms and parasites, including pathogenic bacteria, Herpes simplex and hepatitis C viruses. It shows antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, insect repellent and anaesthetic properties.  From:  Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T., Kahla‐Nakbi, A. B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani, K., & Bakhrouf, A. (2007). The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytotherapy research, 21(6), 501-506.
• Ten minutes of exposure of vapors from essential oils Citrus bergamia, Eucalyptus globulus, and the constituents citronellol and eugenol were very active against the influenza virus. Vapors of Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cymbopogon flexuosus were very active with 30 minutes of exposure. Further, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus bergamia, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Thymus vulgaris liquid essential oils displayed 100% inhibitory activity at a 3.1 µL/mL concentration. From: Vimalanathan, S., & Hudson, J. (2014). Anti-influenza virus activity of essential oils and vapors. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 2(1), 47-53.
• Clove bud essential oil and its eugenol constituent reduced autophagy induction of tested strains of the flu. From: Dai, J. P., Zhao, X. F., Zeng, J., Wan, Q. Y., Yang, J. C., Li, W. Z., … & Li, K. S. (2013). Drug screening for autophagy inhibitors based on the dissociation of Beclin1-Bcl2 complex using BiFC technique and mechanism of eugenol on anti-influenza A virus activity. PloS one, 8(4).
• Blends with Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus globulus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, and Origanum vulgare showed in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities against antibiotic resistant pathogens, candida strains, and both the H1N1 and HSV1 viruses. From: Brochot, A., Guilbot, A., Haddioui, L., & Roques, C. (2017). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects of three essential oil blends. MicrobiologyOpen, 6(4), e00459.

CRANESBILL

• The tannin rich content of cranesbill contributed to its anti-herpes effect.  Multiple herbs were discussed in their actions against herpes.   From:  Yarnell, E., & Abascal, K. (2005). Herbs for treating herpes simplex infections. Alternative & Complementary Therapies, 11(2), 83-88.

CYPRESS

• Tested extracts from various plant parts of cypress were antiviral against herpes in vitro.  From:  Emami, S. A., Tayarani-Najaran, Z., Sabouri Ghannad, M., Khajeh Karamadini, P., & Khajeh Karamadini, M. (2009). Antiviral activity of obtained extracts from different parts of cupressus sempervirens against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 12(3), 133-139.
• An extract of Cupressus sempervirens was antiviral against retroviruses, HIV and HTLV III B in vitro.  From:  Amouroux, P., Jean, D., & Lamaison, J. L. (1998). Antiviral activity in vitro of Cupressus sempervirens on two human retroviruses HIV and HTLV. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 12(5), 367-368.

DANDELION

• Dandelion was effective against the flu virus in vitro.  From:  He, W., Han, H., Wang, W., & Gao, B. (2011). Anti-influenza virus effect of aqueous extracts from dandelion. Virology journal, 8(1), 538.

ECHINACEA

• A study with 430 young children, showed an herbal preparation containing 50 mg/mL of echinacea, 50 mg/mL of propolis, and 10 mg/mL of vitamin C was effective against the respiratory tract infection.  From:  Cohen, H. A., Varsano, I., Kahan, E., Sarrell, E. M., & Uziel, Y. (2004). Effectiveness of an herbal preparation containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 158(3), 217-221.
• In a randomized double blind study of 472 patients with mild influenza, an echinacea drink was more effective in reducing symptoms and had less side effects than oseltamivir, the gold standard for treating the flu.  From:  Rauš, K., Pleschka, S., Klein, P., Schoop, R., & Fisher, P. (2015). Effect of an Echinacea-based hot drink versus oseltamivir in influenza treatment: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter, noninferiority clinical trial. Current Therapeutic Research, 77, 66-72.
• In 755 healthy subjects, echinacea taken for 4 months reduced the number of cold episodes.  From: Jawad, M., Schoop, R., Suter, A., Klein, P., & Eccles, R. (2012). Safety and efficacy profile of Echinacea purpurea to prevent common cold episodes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012.
• Oregano oils possessed anti-influenza virus activities, although less than a potent Echinacea preparation, and with greater potential for  toxicity of to lung epithelial cells.  From:  Vimalanathan, S., & Hudson, J. (2012). Anti-Influenza virus activities of commercial oregano oils and their carriers. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2(7), 21.

ELDERBERRY

• Elderberries show antiviral activity against the flu, antioxidant actions, and potential in lowering cholesterol.  More research is needed.  From:  Vlachojannis, J. E., Cameron, M., & Chrubasik, S. (2010). A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytotherapy Research, 24(1), 1-8.

EUCALYPTUS

• Essential oils from eucalyptus, tea tree, and thyme, and their isolated constituents showed antiviral activity against herpes in vitro.  From:  Astani, A., Reichling, J., & Schnitzler, P. (2010). Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 24(5), 673-679.
• Tea tree and eucalyptus essential oil aerosol and vapours cleared 95% of influenza A virus and E. coli phage M13 within 5 – 15 minutes of exposure. From: Usachev, E. V., Pyankov, O. V., Usacheva, O. V., & Agranovski, I. E. (2013). Antiviral activity of tea tree and eucalyptus oil aerosol and vapour. Journal of aerosol science, 59, 22-30.
• Ten minutes of exposure of vapors from essential oils Citrus bergamia, Eucalyptus globulus, and the constituents citronellol and eugenol were very active against the influenza virus. Vapors of Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cymbopogon flexuosus were very active with 30 minutes of exposure. Further, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus bergamia, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Thymus vulgaris liquid essential oils displayed 100% inhibitory activity at a 3.1 µL/mL concentration. From: Vimalanathan, S., & Hudson, J. (2014). Anti-influenza virus activity of essential oils and vapors. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 2(1), 47-53.
• Blends with Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus globulus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, and Origanum vulgare showed in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities against antibiotic resistant pathogens, candida strains, and both the H1N1 and HSV1 viruses. From: Brochot, A., Guilbot, A., Haddioui, L., & Roques, C. (2017). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects of three essential oil blends. MicrobiologyOpen, 6(4), e00459.
• A blend of cinnamon bark, clove bud, sweet orange, eucalyptus, and rosemary essential oils reduced flu virus activity in vitro. From: Wu, S., Patel, K. B., Booth, L. J., Metcalf, J. P., Lin, H. K., & Wu, W. (2010). Protective essential oil attenuates influenza virus infection: an in vitro study in MDCK cells. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 10(1), 69.

FEVERFEW

• Feverfew demonstrated safe and effective antiviral activity against Herpes 1 in vivo both topcially and orally.  From:  Benassi-Zanqueta, É., Marques, C. F., Valone, L. M., Pellegrini, B. L., Bauermeister, A., Ferreira, I. C. P., … & Ueda-Nakamura, T. (2018). Evaluation of anti-HSV-1 activity and toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.(Asteraceae). Phytomedicine.

GARLIC

• Garlic products were tested against the viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1, and 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and human rhinovirus type 2.  Products highest in the constituents ajoene (found in crushed garlic) and allicin were the most antiviral.  From:  Weber, N. D., Andersen, D. O., North, J. A., Murray, B. K., Lawson, L. D., & Hughes, B. G. (1992). In vitro virucidal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract and compounds. Planta medica, 58(05), 417-423.

GERANIUM

• A spray containing Geranium sanguineum protected mice from influenza.  From:  Serkedjieva, J., Gegova, G., & Mladenov, K. (2008). Protective efficacy of an aerosol preparation, obtained from Geranium sanguineum L., in experimental influenza infection. Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 63(2), 160-163.
• Ten minutes of exposure of vapors from essential oils Citrus bergamia, Eucalyptus globulus, and the constituents citronellol and eugenol were very active against the influenza virus. Vapors of Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cymbopogon flexuosus were very active with 30 minutes of exposure. Further, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus bergamia, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Thymus vulgaris liquid essential oils displayed 100% inhibitory activity at a 3.1 µL/mL concentration. From: Vimalanathan, S., & Hudson, J. (2014). Anti-influenza virus activity of essential oils and vapors. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 2(1), 47-53.

GINGER

• Ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood essential oils exhibited high levels of virucidal activity against herpes type one.  From:  Schnitzler, P., Koch, C., & Reichling, J. (2007). Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 51(5), 1859-1862.

GREEN TEA

• In a meta review of trials, drinking green tea lowered cholesterol levels in overweight people.  From:  Yuan, F., Dong, H., Fang, K., Gong, J., & Lu, F. (2018). Effects of green tea on lipid metabolism in overweight or obese people: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Molecular nutrition & food research, 62(1), 1601122.

HELICHRYSUM

• Tested helychrysum species demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities in vitro against a variety of tested pathogens. From: Kutluk, I., Aslan, M., Orhan, I. E., & Özçelik, B. (2018). Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral bioactivities of selected Helichrysum species. South African journal of botany, 119, 252-257.

HOPS

• Hops extract had an antiviral effect in vitro against a tested flu virus.  From:  Di Sotto, A., Checconi, P., Celestino, I., Locatelli, M., Carissimi, S., De Angelis, M., … & Di Giacomo, S. (2018). Antiviral and Antioxidant Activity of a Hydroalcoholic Extract from Humulus lupulus L. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018.

HYSSOP

• Hyssop extract showed anti-HIV activity.  From:  Kreis, W., Kaplan, M. H., Freeman, J., Sun, D. K., & Sarin, P. S. (1990). Inhibition of HIV replication by Hyssop officinalis extracts. Antiviral research, 14(6), 323-337.
• Ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood essential oils exhibited high levels of virucidal activity against herpes type one.  From:  Schnitzler, P., Koch, C., & Reichling, J. (2007). Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 51(5), 1859-1862.
• An essential oil blend with a Greek hyssop, sage, and marjoram essential oil was virucidal against influenza viruses and the rhinovirus in vitro. From: Tseliou, M., Pirintsos, S. A., Lionis, C., Castanas, E., & Sourvinos, G. (2019). Antiviral effect of an essential oil combination derived from three aromatic plants (Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Rchb. f., Origanum dictamnus L. and Salvia fruticosa Mill.) against viruses causing infections of the upper respiratory tract. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 17, 100288.

JASMINE

• Oleuropein extracted from jasmine flowers showed an effect against the hepatitis B virus.  From:  Zhao, G., Yin, Z., & Dong, J. (2009). Antiviral efficacy against hepatitis B virus replication of oleuropein isolated from Jasminum officinale L. var. grandiflorum. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 125(2), 265-268.

JUNIPER

• Laurus nobilis and Juniperus oxycedrus demonstrated significant antiviral activity against Herpes HSV-1 in vitro.  From:  Loizzo, M. R., Saab, A. M., Tundis, R., Statti, G. A., Menichini, F., Lampronti, I., … & Doerr, H. W. (2008). Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiviral activities of the essential oils of seven Lebanon species. Chemistry & biodiversity, 5(3), 461-470.

KUNZEA

• Constituents isolated from a kunzea species showed antiviral activities in vitro. From: Bloor, S. J. (1992). Antiviral phloroglucinols from New Zealand kunzea species. Journal of natural products, 55(1), 43-47.

LADY’S MANTLE

• Alchemilla mollis was effective against the influenza virus in vitro.  From:  Makau, J. N., Watanabe, K., & Kobayashi, N. (2013). Anti-influenza activity of Alchemilla mollis extract: Possible virucidal activity against influenza virus particles. Drug discoveries & therapeutics, 7(5), 189-195.

LEMONGRASS

• Ten minutes of exposure of vapors from essential oils Citrus bergamia, Eucalyptus globulus, and the constituents citronellol and eugenol were very active against the influenza virus. Vapors of Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cymbopogon flexuosus were very active with 30 minutes of exposure. Further, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus bergamia, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Thymus vulgaris liquid essential oils displayed 100% inhibitory activity at a 3.1 µL/mL concentration. From: Vimalanathan, S., & Hudson, J. (2014). Anti-influenza virus activity of essential oils and vapors. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 2(1), 47-53.

MARJORAM

• An essential oil blend with a Greek hyssop, sage, and marjoram essential oil was virucidal against influenza viruses and the rhinovirus in vitro. From: Tseliou, M., Pirintsos, S. A., Lionis, C., Castanas, E., & Sourvinos, G. (2019). Antiviral effect of an essential oil combination derived from three aromatic plants (Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Rchb. f., Origanum dictamnus L. and Salvia fruticosa Mill.) against viruses causing infections of the upper respiratory tract. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 17, 100288.

MELISSA / LEMONBALM

• In two studies involving 231 patients, a dried Melissa leaf extract reduced herpes infection. From: Wölbling, R. H., & Leonhardt, K. (1994). Local therapy of herpes simplex with dried extract from Melissa officinalis. Phytomedicine, 1(1), 25-31.
• Melissa officinalis was effective in a double blind controlled study of 66 patients against recurrent herpes simplex labialis symptoms and healing.  From:  Koytchev, R., Alken, R. G., & Dundarov, S. (1999). Balm mint extract (Lo-701) for topical treatment of recurring herpes labialis. Phytomedicine, 6(4), 225-230.
• Extracts from lemon balm, peppermint, prunella, rosemary, sage, and thyme showed action against Herpes types 1 and 2.  From: Nolkemper, S., Reichling, J., Stintzing, F. C., Carle, R., & Schnitzler, P. (2006). Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta medica, 72(15), 1378-1382.
• Melissa, peppermint, basil, perilla, prunella, and winter savory showed potent anti-HIV-1 activity. From:  Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., MORI, H., OTAKE, T., UEDA, N., … & MURATA, H. (1998). Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 21(8), 829-833.
• Lemonbalm essential oil showed antiviral activity against avian influenza in vitro. From: Pourghanbari, G., Nili, H., Moattari, A., Mohammadi, A., & Iraji, A. (2016). Antiviral activity of the oseltamivir and Melissa officinalis L. essential oil against avian influenza A virus (H9N2). VirusDisease, 27(2), 170-178.

MOTHERWORT

• Extracts of ledum, motherwort, celandine, black currant, cowberry and bilberry prevented the tick-borne encephalitis  virus almost completely.  In vivo, and the extracts of motherwort, ledum, tansy and black currant induced resistance of mice to the virus with increased survival rate and average longevity.  From: Fokina, G. I., Frolova, T. V., Roĭkhel, V. M., & Pogodina, V. V. (1990). Experimental phytotherapy of tick-borne encephalitis. Voprosy virusologii, 36(1), 18-21.

OLIVE

• Extract from olive tree leaf inhibited the infectivity of the haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in vitro.   From:  Micol, V., Caturla, N., Pérez-Fons, L., Más, V., Pérez, L., & Estepa, A. (2005). The olive leaf extract exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Antiviral research, 66(2), 129-136. 

ORANGE

• A blend of cinnamon bark, clove bud, sweet orange, eucalyptus, and rosemary essential oils reduced flu virus activity in vitro. From: Wu, S., Patel, K. B., Booth, L. J., Metcalf, J. P., Lin, H. K., & Wu, W. (2010). Protective essential oil attenuates influenza virus infection: an in vitro study in MDCK cells. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 10(1), 69.

OREGANO

• Oregano oils possessed anti-influenza virus activities, although less than a potent Echinacea preparation, and with greater potential for  toxicity of to lung epithelial cells.  From:  Vimalanathan, S., & Hudson, J. (2012). Anti-Influenza virus activities of commercial oregano oils and their carriers. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2(7), 21.
• Isoborneol, as found in several plant essential oils, showed activity against herpes virus 1. From:  Armaka, M., Papanikolaou, E., Sivropoulou, A., & Arsenakis, M. (1999). Antiviral properties of isoborneol, a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1. Antiviral research, 43(2), 79-92.
• Blends with Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus globulus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, and Origanum vulgare showed in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities against antibiotic resistant pathogens, candida strains, and both the H1N1 and HSV1 viruses. From: Brochot, A., Guilbot, A., Haddioui, L., & Roques, C. (2017). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects of three essential oil blends. MicrobiologyOpen, 6(4), e00459.

PATCHOULI

• Pogostemon cablin  showed potent in vitro antiviral activity against the influenza virus. From:  Kiyohara, H., Ichino, C., Kawamura, Y., Nagai, T., Sato, N., & Yamada, H. (2012). Patchouli alcohol: in vitro direct anti-influenza virus sesquiterpene in Pogostemon cablin Benth. Journal of natural medicines, 66(1), 55-61.
• Patchouli extracts showed activity against the influenza virus in vitro.  From:  Liu, F., Cao, W., Deng, C., Wu, Z., Zeng, G., & Zhou, Y. (2016). Polyphenolic glycosides isolated from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. as novel influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. Chemistry Central Journal, 10(1), 51.
• Patchouli alcohol possessed anti-influenza A activity in vitro and in vivo.  From:  Wu, H., Li, B., Wang, X., Jin, M., & Wang, G. (2011). Inhibitory effect and possible mechanism of action of patchouli alcohol against influenza A (H2N2) virus. Molecules, 16(8), 6489-6501.
• Patchouli alcohol was antiviral against influenza in vivo.  From:  Li, Y. C., Peng, S. Z., Chen, H. M., Zhang, F. X., Xu, P. P., Xie, J. H., … & Su, Z. R. (2012). Oral administration of patchouli alcohol isolated from Pogostemonis Herba augments protection against influenza viral infection in mice. International Immunopharmacology, 12(1), 294-301.
• Patchouli alcohol showed anti-influenza virus activity in vitro.  From:  Wu, X. L., Ju, D. H., Chen, J., Yu, B., Liu, K. L., He, J. X., … & Chen, X. Y. (2013). Immunologic mechanism of patchouli alcohol anti-H1N1 influenza virus may through regulation of the RLH signal pathway in vitro. Current microbiology, 67(4), 431-436.

PEPPERMINT

• Extracts from lemon balm, peppermint, prunella, rosemary, sage, and thyme showed action against Herpes types 1 and 2.  From: Nolkemper, S., Reichling, J., Stintzing, F. C., Carle, R., & Schnitzler, P. (2006). Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta medica, 72(15), 1378-1382.
• Peppermint oil might be an effective topical virucidal agent in recurrent herpes infection.  From:  Schuhmacher, A., Reichling, J., & Schnitzler, P. (2003). Virucidal effect of peppermint oil on the enveloped viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Phytomedicine, 10(6), 504-510.
• Melissa, peppermint, basil, perilla, prunella, and winter savory showed potent anti-HIV-1 activity. From:  Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., MORI, H., OTAKE, T., UEDA, N., … & MURATA, H. (1998). Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 21(8), 829-833.
• Prunella, peppermint, rosemary and thyme extracts provided antiviral activity against Herpes 1.  From:  Reichling, J., Nolkemper, S., Stintzing, F. C., & Schnitzler, P. (2008). Impact of ethanolic lamiaceae extracts on herpesvirus infectivity in cell culture. Forschende Komplementärmedizin/Research in Complementary Medicine, 15(6), 313-320.

PLANTAIN

• Aucubin, an iridoid glycoside as found in plantain, suppressed hepatitis B virus DNA replication in vitro.   From:  Chang, I. M. (1997). Antiviral activity of aucubin against hepatitis B virus replication. Phytotherapy research, 11(3), 189-192.

PRUNELLA

• Extracts from lemon balm, peppermint, prunella, rosemary, sage, and thyme showed action against Herpes types 1 and 2.  From: Nolkemper, S., Reichling, J., Stintzing, F. C., Carle, R., & Schnitzler, P. (2006). Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta medica, 72(15), 1378-1382.
• Melissa, peppermint, basil, perilla, prunella, and winter savory showed potent anti-HIV-1 activity. From:  Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., MORI, H., OTAKE, T., UEDA, N., … & MURATA, H. (1998). Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 21(8), 829-833.
• Prunella, peppermint, rosemary and thyme extracts provided antiviral activity against Herpes 1.  From:  Reichling, J., Nolkemper, S., Stintzing, F. C., & Schnitzler, P. (2008). Impact of ethanolic lamiaceae extracts on herpesvirus infectivity in cell culture. Forschende Komplementärmedizin/Research in Complementary Medicine, 15(6), 313-320.

RHUBARB

• The combined topical sage-rhubarb preparation was more effective than aciclovir in treating Herpes labialis.  From:  Saller, R., Büechi, S., Meyrat, R., & Schmidhauser, C. (2001). Combined herbal preparation for topical treatment of Herpes labialis. Forschende Komplementärmedizin/Research in Complementary Medicine, 8(6), 373-382.
• Anthraquinones from the following plants inactivated the Herpes I virus:  Rheum officinale (rhubarb), Aloe barbadensis (aloe), Rhamnus frangula (alder buckthorn), Rhamnus purshianus (cascara buckthorn), and Cassia angustifolia (senna).  Other virus species were also affected by these plants in varying amounts.  From:  Sydiskis, R. J., Owen, D. G., Lohr, J. L., Rosler, K. H., & Blomster, R. N. (1991). Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 35(12), 2463-2466.
• Emodin was effective against Herpes 1 and 2 in vitro and in vivo.  From:  Xiong, H. R., Luo, J., Hou, W., Xiao, H., & Yang, Z. Q. (2011). The effect of emodin, an anthraquinone derivative extracted from the roots of Rheum tanguticum, against herpes simplex virus in vitro and in vivo. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 133(2), 718-723. 

ROSEMARY

• Extracts from lemon balm, peppermint, prunella, rosemary, sage, and thyme showed action against Herpes types 1 and 2.  From: Nolkemper, S., Reichling, J., Stintzing, F. C., Carle, R., & Schnitzler, P. (2006). Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta medica, 72(15), 1378-1382.
• Phenolic constituents of rosemary showed antiviral activity against Herpes 1.  From:  Mancini, D. A. P., Torres, R. P., Pinto, J. R., & Mancini-Filho, J. (2009). Inhibition of DNA virus: Herpes-1 (HSV-1) in cellular culture replication, through an antioxidant treatment extracted from rosemary spice. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 45(1), 127-133.
• Prunella, peppermint, rosemary and thyme extracts provided antiviral activity against Herpes 1.  From:  Reichling, J., Nolkemper, S., Stintzing, F. C., & Schnitzler, P. (2008). Impact of ethanolic lamiaceae extracts on herpesvirus infectivity in cell culture. Forschende Komplementärmedizin/Research in Complementary Medicine, 15(6), 313-320.
• Blends with Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus globulus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, and Origanum vulgare showed in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities against antibiotic resistant pathogens, candida strains, and both the H1N1 and HSV1 viruses. From: Brochot, A., Guilbot, A., Haddioui, L., & Roques, C. (2017). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects of three essential oil blends. MicrobiologyOpen, 6(4), e00459.
• A blend of cinnamon bark, clove bud, sweet orange, eucalyptus, and rosemary essential oils reduced flu virus activity in vitro. From: Wu, S., Patel, K. B., Booth, L. J., Metcalf, J. P., Lin, H. K., & Wu, W. (2010). Protective essential oil attenuates influenza virus infection: an in vitro study in MDCK cells. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 10(1), 69.

SAGE

• The combined topical sage-rhubarb preparation was more effective than aciclovir in treating Herpes labialis.  From:  Saller, R., Büechi, S., Meyrat, R., & Schmidhauser, C. (2001). Combined herbal preparation for topical treatment of Herpes labialis. Forschende Komplementärmedizin/Research in Complementary Medicine, 8(6), 373-382.
• Extracts from lemon balm, peppermint, prunella, rosemary, sage, and thyme showed action against Herpes types 1 and 2.  From: Nolkemper, S., Reichling, J., Stintzing, F. C., Carle, R., & Schnitzler, P. (2006). Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta medica, 72(15), 1378-1382.
• Isoborneol, as found in several plant essential oils, showed activity against herpes virus 1. From:  Armaka, M., Papanikolaou, E., Sivropoulou, A., & Arsenakis, M. (1999). Antiviral properties of isoborneol, a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1. Antiviral research, 43(2), 79-92.
• An essential oil blend with a Greek hyssop, sage, and marjoram essential oil was virucidal against influenza viruses and the rhinovirus in vitro. From: Tseliou, M., Pirintsos, S. A., Lionis, C., Castanas, E., & Sourvinos, G. (2019). Antiviral effect of an essential oil combination derived from three aromatic plants (Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Rchb. f., Origanum dictamnus L. and Salvia fruticosa Mill.) against viruses causing infections of the upper respiratory tract. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 17, 100288.

SAVORY

• Melissa, peppermint, basil, perilla, prunella, and winter savory showed potent anti-HIV-1 activity. From:  Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., MORI, H., OTAKE, T., UEDA, N., … & MURATA, H. (1998). Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 21(8), 829-833.

SENNA

• Anthraquinones from the following plants inactivated the Herpes I virus:  Rheum officinale (rhubarb), Aloe barbadensis (aloe), Rhamnus frangula (alder buckthorn), Rhamnus purshianus (cascara buckthorn), and Cassia angustifolia (senna).  Other virus species were also affected by these plants in varying amounts.  From:  Sydiskis, R. J., Owen, D. G., Lohr, J. L., Rosler, K. H., & Blomster, R. N. (1991). Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 35(12), 2463-2466.

STAR ANISE

• This review of star anise discusses its antiviral activities. From: Patra, J. K., Das, G., Bose, S., Banerjee, S., Vishnuprasad, C. N., del Pilar Rodriguez‐Torres, M., & Shin, H. S. (2020). Star anise (Illicium verum): Chemical compounds, antiviral properties, and clinical relevance. Phytotherapy Research.

TEA TREE

• In a double blind study, tea tree may have reduced the recurrent herpes labialis virus (RHL) or cold sores but further research is necessary.  From:  Carson, C. F., Ashton, L., Dry, L., Smith, D. W., & Riley, T. V. (2001). Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil gel (6%) for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 48(3), 450-451.
• In a child, tea tree oil was effective against hand warts due to the human papilloma virus.  From:  Millar, B. C., & Moore, J. E. (2008). Successful topical treatment of hand warts in a paediatric patient with tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia). Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 14(4), 225-227.
• Tea tree has shown antiviral activity in multiple studies against the following:  the tobacco mosaic virus, herpes simplex virus and both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses.  From:  From:  Carson, C. F., Hammer, K. A., & Riley, T. V. (2006). Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clinical microbiology reviews, 19(1), 50-62.
• Tea tree and eucalyptus essential oil aerosol and vapours cleared 95% of influenza A virus and E. coli phage M13 within 5 – 15 minutes of exposure. From: Usachev, E. V., Pyankov, O. V., Usacheva, O. V., & Agranovski, I. E. (2013). Antiviral activity of tea tree and eucalyptus oil aerosol and vapour. Journal of aerosol science, 59, 22-30.
• Tea tree oil and its terpinen-4-ol constituent were antiviral against influenza.  From:  Garozzo, A., Timpanaro, R., Bisignano, B., Furneri, P. M., Bisignano, G., & Castro, A. (2009). In vitro antiviral activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. Letters in applied microbiology, 49(6), 806-808.
• The study suggested tea tree’s antiviral activity against influenza was related to the inhibition of uncoating.  From:  Garozzo, A., Timpanaro, R., Stivala, A., Bisignano, G., & Castro, A. (2011). Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Influenza virus A/PR/8: study on the mechanism of action. Antiviral research, 89(1), 83-88.
• Essential oils from eucalyptus, tea tree, and thyme, and their isolated constituents showed antiviral activity against herpes in vitro.  From:  Astani, A., Reichling, J., & Schnitzler, P. (2010). Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 24(5), 673-679.
• Tea tree essential oil showed antiviral influenza activity in vitro, inhibiting entry into host cells. From: Li, X., Duan, S., Chu, C., Xu, J., Zeng, G., Lam, A. K. Y., … & Gu, H. (2013). Melaleuca alternifolia concentrate inhibits in vitro entry of influenza virus into host cells. Molecules, 18(8), 9550-9566.

THYME

• Ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood essential oils exhibited high levels of virucidal activity against herpes type one.  From:  Schnitzler, P., Koch, C., & Reichling, J. (2007). Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 51(5), 1859-1862.
• Extracts from lemon balm, peppermint, prunella, rosemary, sage, and thyme showed action against Herpes types 1 and 2.  From: Nolkemper, S., Reichling, J., Stintzing, F. C., Carle, R., & Schnitzler, P. (2006). Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta medica, 72(15), 1378-1382.
• Isoborneol, as found in several plant essential oils, showed activity against herpes virus 1. From:  Armaka, M., Papanikolaou, E., Sivropoulou, A., & Arsenakis, M. (1999). Antiviral properties of isoborneol, a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1. Antiviral research, 43(2), 79-92.
• Prunella, peppermint, rosemary and thyme extracts provided antiviral activity against Herpes 1.  From:  Reichling, J., Nolkemper, S., Stintzing, F. C., & Schnitzler, P. (2008). Impact of ethanolic lamiaceae extracts on herpesvirus infectivity in cell culture. Forschende Komplementärmedizin/Research in Complementary Medicine, 15(6), 313-320.
• Essential oils from eucalyptus, tea tree, and thyme, and their isolated constituents showed antiviral activity against herpes in vitro.  From:  Astani, A., Reichling, J., & Schnitzler, P. (2010). Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 24(5), 673-679.
• Ten minutes of exposure of vapors from essential oils Citrus bergamia, Eucalyptus globulus, and the constituents citronellol and eugenol were very active against the influenza virus. Vapors of Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cymbopogon flexuosus were very active with 30 minutes of exposure. Further, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus bergamia, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Thymus vulgaris liquid essential oils displayed 100% inhibitory activity at a 3.1 µL/mL concentration. From: Vimalanathan, S., & Hudson, J. (2014). Anti-influenza virus activity of essential oils and vapors. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 2(1), 47-53.

VETIVER

• Khusenic acid and khusimol found in vetiver oil were virucidal against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis.  From:  Dwivedi, G. R., Gupta, S., Roy, S., Kalani, K., Pal, A., Thakur, J. P., … & Srivastava, S. K. (2013). Tricyclic sesquiterpenes from Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash as antimycobacterial agents. Chemical biology & drug design, 82(5), 587-594.

WORMWOOD

• Artemisinin from wormwood is known for treating malaria, and recommended by the World Health Organization.  From:  Dondorp, A. M., Nosten, F., Yi, P., Das, D., Phyo, A. P., Tarning, J., … & Ringwald, P. (2009). Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(5), 455-467.

YARROW

• Isoborneol, as found in several plant essential oils, showed activity against herpes virus 1. From:  Armaka, M., Papanikolaou, E., Sivropoulou, A., & Arsenakis, M. (1999). Antiviral properties of isoborneol, a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1. Antiviral research, 43(2), 79-92.

Compiled by: Kathy Sadowski

Updated: 6/17/2020