Chamomile German (Matricaria recutita) Research

Latin Name: Matricaria recutita or Chamomilla recutita

Family: Asteraceae

Chamomile has been used to calm the mind and soothe the skin.  People have used it as a folk remedy for wounds, to reduce itching, and to help with inflammation.  The dried herb is also commonly ingested as a tea to help with relaxation.

RESEARCH

The listings of research below represent a compilation of scientific articles found on the species, with a very brief overview description of each article/study.  Research found is catalogued by therapeutic action.  This categorized compilation of research articles does not necessarily imply that there are adequate results to demonstrate safe and/or effective human use.

GENERAL

• Lis-Balchin, M.  (2006). Aromatherapy science, A guide for healthcare professionals.  Pharmaceutical Press:  London.
• WebMD.  (n.d.).  German Chamomile.  Retrieved in November, 2016.  Retrieved from www.webmd.com
• Scientific research on German chamomile is reviewed.  Many preclinical studies have shown the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, liver-protective, anti-diarrheal, anti-spasmodic, and wound healing, potential.  In clinical studies, it has shown beneficial for anxiety, insomnia, depression, oral health, women-related issues, inflammation, metabolic rate, the skin, digestive disorders, and children’s health. From: El Joumaa, M. M., & Borjac, J. M. (2022). Matricaria chamomilla: A valuable insight into recent advances in medicinal uses and pharmacological activities. Phytochemistry Reviews, 1-28.
• This was a review of German and Roman chamomile.  From: Sharafzadeh, S., & Alizadeh, O. (2011). German and Roman Chamomile.
• This mega-analysis discussed the therapeutic uses of both Roman and German chamomile.  From:  Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Molecular medicine reports, 3(6), 895.
• This mega study discussed therapeutic uses for M. recutita.  From: Gupta, V., Mittal, P., Bansal, P., Khokra, S. L., & Kaushik, D. (2010). Pharmacological potential of Matricaria recutita-A review. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res, 2(1), 12-6.
• Matricaria ssp., their uses in traditional medicine, chemical composition, and therapeutic activities are reviewed. From: Sharifi-Rad, M., Nazaruk, J., Polito, L., Morais-Braga, M. F. B., Rocha, J. E., Coutinho, H. D. M., … & Yousaf, Z. (2018). Matricaria genus as a source of antimicrobial agents: From farm to pharmacy and food applications. Microbiological Research, 215, 76-88.
• This was an overview of M. chamomilla.  From:  Singh, O., Khanam, Z., Misra, N., & Srivastava, M. K. (2011). Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): an overview. Pharmacognosy reviews, 5(9), 82.
• Pharmacological uses of bisabolol were discussed, including: anti-inflammatory, absorption enhancement, analgesic, antibiotic, and anticancer capabilities. From:  Kamatou, G. P., & Viljoen, A. M. (2010). A review of the application and pharmacological properties of α-bisabolol and α-bisabolol-rich oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 87(1), 1-7.
• Tisserand, R. & Young, R. (2014).  Essential Oil Safety.  Second Edition.  Churchill, Livingstone, Elsevier.
• A review of research on the neurologic actions of German chamomile is provided.  From:  Saroya, A. S., & Singh, J. (2018). Neuropharmacology of Chamomiles. In Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Natural Products in Neurological Disorders (pp. 113-116). Springer, Singapore.
• A review of pharmacological uses of German chamomile was discussed. From: Hameed, I. H., Mohammed, G. J., & Kamal, S. A. (2018). A review: Uses and Pharmacological activity of Matricaria chamomilla. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 9(3), 200-205.
• What is the difference between German chamomile and Roman chamomile?  Read more:  uhRohMuh article

SAFETY

• May be altered with a blue colorant or other oils such as angelica root or balsam apple (Lis-Balchin, 2006).
• ​Do not confuse with Moroccan chamomile (Ormenis mixta), which is cheaper and has a much different chemical composition (Lis-Balchin, 2006).
• Allergic reactions can happen in some people who are allergic to other plants in the Asteraceae family like ragweed or daisies, and other related herbs (WebMD, n.d.).
• May be contra-indicated for certain hormone-sensitive condition like breast, ovary or uterine cancers, endometriosis, or fibroids.  German Chamomile may interact with birth control and estrogen medication as well (WebMD, n.d.).
• May interfere with sedative medications, tamoxafin (used in cancer), and warafrin (used to reduce blood clotting) (WebMD, n.d.).
• May decrease how some medicines are broken down in the liver such as amitriptyline, haloperidol, ondansetron, propranolol, theophylline, or verapamil (WebMD, n.d.)
• Could interact with anesthesia for surgery; avoid use up to 2 weeks before surgery (WebMD, n.d.).
• Chamomile constituents may interact with drug metabolizing enzymes and include chamazulene, cis-spiroether, trans-spiroether and bisabolol.  From:  Ganzera, M., Schneider, P., & Stuppner, H. (2006). Inhibitory effects of the essential oil of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) and its major constituents on human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Life sciences, 78(8), 856-861.

ANXIOLYTIC  / ANTIDEPRESSIVE

• Chamomile may have modest anxiolytic activity in patients with general anxiety disorder.  From:  Amsterdam, J. D., Li, Y., Soeller, I., Rockwell, K., Mao, J. J., & Shults, J. (2009). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 29(4), 378.
• In a review of research, ten herbs offered human trials and demonstrated potential in reducing anxiety by affecting the Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory neurotransmitter. These included: kava, valerian, pennywort, hops, chamomile, ginkgo biloba, passionflower, ashwagandha, skullcap, and lemon balm. From: Savage, K., Firth, J., Stough, C., & Sarris, J. (2018). GABA‐modulating phytomedicines for anxiety: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence. Phytotherapy research, 32(1), 3-18.  Read more:  Link
• Multiple studies on the uses of herbs for mood disorders were reviewed.  Promising herbs included:  Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort), Piper methysticum (kava), Echium amoenum, Crocus sativus, Rhodiola rosea (golden root), Matricaria recutita (German chamomile), Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo), Passiflora incanata (passionflower), and Scutellaria lateriflora (blue skullcap).  From:  Sarris, Jerome, et al. “Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety and insomnia: a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence.” European neuropsychopharmacology 21.12 (2011): 841-860.  Read more:  Link
• Chamomile may have clinically meaningful antidepressant activity in those suffering from depression.  This conclusion was based on a randomized placebo controlled double blind study with 57 subjects and the oral intake of chamomile.  From:  Amsterdam, J. D., Shults, J., Soeller, I., Mao, J. J., Rockwell, K., & Newberg, A. B. (2012). Chamomile (matricaria recutita) may have antidepressant activity in anxious depressed humans-an exploratory study. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 18(5), 44.
• In a review of research, the author concluded German chamomile appears to be effective and safe for sleep and anxiety concerns, but more clinical trials are needed. From: Hieu, T. H., Dibas, M., Surya Dila, K. A., Sherif, N. A., Hashmi, M. U., Mahmoud, M., … & Huy, N. T. (2019). Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials and quasi‐randomized trials. Phytotherapy Research.  Read more:  Link
• Aromatherapy massage using lavender, chamomile, rosemary, and lemon reduced anxiety and improved self esteem.  From:  Rho, K. H., Han, S. H., Kim, K. S., & Lee, M. S. (2006). Effects of aromatherapy massage on anxiety and self-esteem in korean elderly women: a pilot study. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116(12), 1447-1455.
• Saliva cortisol levels, a biomarker for anxiety, significantly reduced in a small study of those taking an oral chamomile supplement. From: Keefe, J. R., Guo, W., Li, Q. S., Amsterdam, J. D., & Mao, J. J. (2018). An exploratory study of salivary cortisol changes during chamomile extract therapy of moderate to severe generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of psychiatric research, 96, 189-195.
• M. chamomilla had a psycho-stimulating effect in mice.  From: Can, Ö. D., Özkay, Ü. D., Kıyan, H. T., & Demirci, B. (2012). Psychopharmacological profile of Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) essential oil in mice. Phytomedicine, 19(3), 306-310.
• M. chamomilla improved  the degree of stress and depression in mice exposed to stressful conditions.  From: Pinto, S. A. G., Bohland, E., de Paula Coelho, C., de Azevedo Morgulis, M. S. F., & Bonamin, L. V. (2008). An animal model for the study of Chamomilla in stress and depression: pilot study. Homeopathy, 97(3), 141-144.
• Apigenin, a flavonoid isolated from German chamomile flowers, demonstrated anxiolytic activities in vitro and in vivo. From: Avallone, R., Zanoli, P., Puia, G., Kleinschnitz, M., Schreier, P., & Baraldi, M. (2000). Pharmacological profile of apigenin, a flavonoid isolated from Matricaria chamomilla. Biochemical pharmacology, 59(11), 1387-1394.
• In a study of 50 patients with acute leukemia, administration of aromatherapy of choice: lavender, peppermint, or chamomile, significantly improved perceived tiredness, lack of appetite, depression, and anxiety, compared to the placebo. From: Lisa Blackburn, M. S., Sara Achor, B. S. N., AD, B. A., Nicole Bauchmire, M. S., Danielle Dunnington, A. D., Klisovic, R. B., … & Tomlinson-Pinkham, K. (2017, July). The effect of aromatherapy on insomnia and other common symptoms among patients with acute leukemia. In Oncology nursing forum (Vol. 44, No. 4, p. E185). Oncology Nursing Society.  Read more:  Link

INSOMNIA

• Chamomile may help reduce insomnia based off a study with 34 patients having chronic insomnia.  From:  Zick, S. M., Wright, B. D., Sen, A., & Arnedt, J. T. (2011). Preliminary examination of the efficacy and safety of a standardized chamomile extract for chronic primary insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 11(1), 1.
• Chamomile had a hypnotic activity to improve sleep in sleep-disturbed rats.  From:  Shinomiya, K., Inoue, T., Utsu, Y., Tokunaga, S., Masuoka, T., Ohmori, A., & Kamei, C. (2005). Hypnotic activities of chamomile and passiflora extracts in sleep-disturbed rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 28(5), 808-810.
• In a review of research, the author concluded German chamomile appears to be effective and safe for sleep and anxiety concerns, but more clinical trials are needed. From: Hieu, T. H., Dibas, M., Surya Dila, K. A., Sherif, N. A., Hashmi, M. U., Mahmoud, M., … & Huy, N. T. (2019). Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials and quasi‐randomized trials. Phytotherapy Research.
• In a study of 50 patients with acute leukemia, administration of aromatherapy of choice: lavender, peppermint, or chamomile, significantly improved perceived tiredness, lack of appetite, depression, and anxiety, compared to the placebo. From: Lisa Blackburn, M. S., Sara Achor, B. S. N., AD, B. A., Nicole Bauchmire, M. S., Danielle Dunnington, A. D., Klisovic, R. B., … & Tomlinson-Pinkham, K. (2017, July). The effect of aromatherapy on insomnia and other common symptoms among patients with acute leukemia. In Oncology nursing forum (Vol. 44, No. 4, p. E185). Oncology Nursing Society.

DRUG ADDICTION

• M. chamomilla extract inhibit morphine dependence and expression of abstinence syndrome in rats.  From:  Gomaa, A., Hashem, T., Mohamed, M., & Ashry, E. (2003). Matricaria chamomilla extract inhibits both development of morphine dependence and expression of abstinence syndrome in rats. Journal of pharmacological sciences, 92(1), 50-55.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

• The author discussed the anti-inflammatory proazulenes: chamazulene and matricin that occur in chamomile (Matricaria recutita) and  yarrow (Achillea millefolium), along with a few other Asteraceae species.  From:  Ramadan, M., Goeters, S., Watzer, B., Krause, E., Lohmann, K., Bauer, R., … & Imming, P. (2006). Chamazulene carboxylic acid and matricin: a natural profen and its natural prodrug, identified through similarity to synthetic drug substances. Journal of natural products, 69(7), 1041-1045.
• Chamazulene in chamomile showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting leukotriene synthesis.  From:  Safayhi, H., Sabieraj, J., Sailer, E. R., & Ammon, H. P. T. (1994). Chamazulene: an antioxidant-type inhibitor of leukotriene B4 formation. Planta medica, 60(05), 410-413.
• Traumeel is an herbal formulation including Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Achillea millefolium, Matricaria chamomilla, Symphytum officinale, Atropa belladonna, Aconitum napellu, Bellis perennis, Hypericum perforatum, Chinacea angustfolia, Echinacea purpurea, Hamamelis virginica, Mercurius solubilis, and Hepar sulfuris. In a review of research, the author concluded that Traumeel is an effective Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for treating pain and inflammation, especially related to stomatitis for chemotherapy patients and musculoskeletal injuries. From: Grech, D., Velagala, J., Dembek, D. J., & Tabaac, B. (2018). Critical Literature Review of the Homeopathic Compound Traumeel for Treatment of Inflammation. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 9(03), 67.

PAIN

• In a double blind study of 46 diabetic patients with neuropathic pain, receiving an aromatherapy massage three times a week for 4 weeks reduced pain.  Essential oils used included: rosemary, geranium, lavender, eucalyptus, and chamomile.  From:  Gok Metin, Z., Arikan Donmez, A., Izgu, N., Ozdemir, L., & Arslan, I. E. (2017). Aromatherapy Massage for Neuropathic Pain and Quality of Life in Diabetic Patients. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49(4), 379-388.
• In a double blind randomized study of 26 patients with carpal tunnel, the use of German chamomile in a carrier oil used topically twice a day for weeks was more effective at reducing symptoms than the placebo.  From:  Hashempur, M. H., Lari, Z. N., Ghoreishi, P. S., Daneshfard, B., Ghasemi, M. S., Homayouni, K., & Zargaran, A. (2015). A pilot randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial on topical chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) oil for severe carpal tunnel syndrome. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 21(4), 223-228.
• Research on analgesic activities of essential oils is reviewed. Included is: wild caraway (Bunium persicum ), lemon (Citrus limon), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), hogweed (Heracleum persicum), Hofmeisteria schaffneri, bushmint (Hyptis fruticosa), star anise (Illicum lanceolatum), verbenea (Lippia gracilis), chamomile (Matricaria recutita), Cuban mint (Mentha x villosa), catmint (Nepeta crispa Willd), basil (Ocimum basilicum), Peperomia serpens, Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus, long pepper (Piper alyreanum), Summer savory (Satureja hortensis), Senecio rufinervis, Tetradenia riparia, Teucrium stocksianum, Ugni myricoides, valerian (Valeriana wallichii), Xylopia laevigata, and candeeiro (Vanillosmopsis arborea). From: Sarmento-Neto, J., do Nascimento, L., Felipe, C., & de Sousa, D. (2015). Analgesic potential of essential oils. Molecules, 21(1), 20.
• In a review of research, plants used to treat neuropathic pain include: Vernonia cinerea, Ocimum sanctum, Ferula hermonis, Sambucus nigra, Salvia officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica charantia, Butea monosperma, Punica granatum, Commiphora mukul, Ginkgo biloba, Crocus sativus , Cymbopogon martinii, Sinomenium acutum, Euterpe oleracea, Matricaria chamomilla, Nigella sativa, Aconiti tuber, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Artemisia dracunculus, Allium sepa, and Allium sativum. From: Verma, S., Jain, C. P., Chauhan, L. S., & Shukla, A. K. (2016). A review on treatment and management of neuropathic pain with herbal folk drugs. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(5), 104-110.

HEADACHE

• In a randomized double-blind clinical trial with 72 migraine patients: pain, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia significantly decreased after 30 minutes of ingestion with the chamomile group. From: Zargaran, A., Borhani-Haghighi, A., Salehi-Marzijarani, M., Faridi, P., Daneshamouz, S., Azadi, A., … & Mohagheghzadeh, A. (2018). Evaluation of the effect of topical chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) oleogel as pain relief in migraine without aura: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Neurological Sciences, 39(8), 1345-1353.

WOUND HEALING / SKIN HEALING

• German chamomile can be recommended to relieve itching and inflammation and heal peristomal skin lesions. From:  Charousaei, F., Dabirian, A., & Mojab, F. (2011). Using chamomile solution or a 1% topical hydrocortisone ointment in the management of peristomal skin lesions in colostomy patients: results of a controlled clinical study. Ostomy-Wound Management, 57(5), 28.
• A gel containing calendula, German chamomile, and sage reduced hand-foot skin erythema in this double blind study with 27 patients. The gel was applied four times a day for 2 weeks. From: Karimi, E., Gharib, B., Rostami, N., Navidpour, L., & Afshar, M. (2019). Clinical efficacy of a topical polyherbal formulation in the management of fluorouracil-associated hand-foot syndrome. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 100270.
• Forty patients with mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis participated in this double-blind, randomized clinical trial. A German chamomile extract with pumpkin seed oil or a placebo was applied twice a day for 4 weeks. Symptoms significantly reduced in the treatment group. From: Kolahdooz, S., Karimi, M., Esmaili, N., Zargaran, A., Kordafshari, G., Mozafari, N., & Ayati, M. H. (2018). Evaluation of the efficacy of a topical chamomile-pumpkin oleogel for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: an intra-patient, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Biomedical Research and Therapy, 5(11), 2811-2819.
• The use of plants to treat skin conditions was reviewed. Plants identified included Calendula officinalis, Chamomilla recutita, Glycyrrhiza, Hamamelis virginiana, man, Melissa officinalis, and Plantago major.  Conditions included acne, dermatitis, herpes simplex, and psoriasis.  From:  Brown, D. J., & Dattner, A. M. (1998). Phytotherapeutic approaches to common dermatologic conditions. Archives of dermatology, 134(11), 1401-1404.
• M. chamomilla showed wound healing abilities in rats.  From: Shivananda Nayak, B., Sivachandra Raju, S., & Chalapathi Rao, A. V. (2007). Wound healing activity of Matricaria recutita L. extract. Journal of wound care, 16(7), 298-302.
• Chamomile extract as a rubbing oil accelerated  burn wound healing in rats.  From:  Jarrahi, M. (2008). An experimental study of the effects of Matricaria chamomilla extract on cutaneous burn wound healing in albino rats. Natural product research, 22(5), 422-427.
• M. chamomilla topically has wound healing effects in the incisional wounds of rats.  From:  Jarrahi, M., Vafaei, A. A., Taherian, A. A., Miladi, H., & Rashidi Pour, A. (2010). Evaluation of topical Matricaria chamomilla extract activity on linear incisional wound healing in albino rats. Natural product research, 24(8), 697-702.
• The study concluded that chamomile in comparison to corticosteroids promotes faster wound healing process.  From:  Martins, M. D., Marques, M. M., Bussadori, S. K., Martins, M. A. T., Pavesi, V. C. S., Mesquita‐Ferrari, R. A., & Fernandes, K. P. S. (2009). Comparative analysis between Chamomilla recutita and corticosteroids on wound healing. An in vitro and in vivo study. Phytotherapy Research, 23(2), 274-278.
• A cream containing Matriciaria recutita flower extracts was effective in atopic dermatitis in a double blind study.  From: Patzelt-Wenczler, R., & Ponce-Pöschl, E. (2000). Proof of efficacy of Kamillosan (R) cream in atopic eczema. European journal of medical research, 5(4), 171-175.
• M. recutita could be an effective antifungal for treatment of dermatophytosis fungal infections.  From:  Jamalian, A., Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M., Jaimand, K., Pashootan, N., Amani, A., & Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M. (2012). Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Matricaria recutita flower essential oil against medically important dermatophytes and soil-borne pathogens. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology, 22(4), 308-315.
• This was a review of research on the use of plants from the Asteraceae family to treat wounds. From: Carvalho Jr, A. R., Diniz, R. M., Suarez, M. A., Figueiredo, C. S., Zagmignan, A., Grisotto, M. A., … & da Silva, L. C. (2018). Use of some asteraceae plants for the treatment of wounds: from ethnopharmacological studies to scientific evidences. Frontiers in pharmacology, 9, 784.
• In a study of 50 patients with wound ulcers, an herbal ointment was applied twice a day for 28 days. It contained Symphytum officinale, Plantago major, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Bellis perennis, Achillea millefolium, Salvia officinalis, Hypericum perforatum, Olea europaea, Lavandula officinalis, Melaleuca alternifolia, Cympobogon martini, Origanum vulgare, Eugenia caryophyllata, Thymus vulgaris ct. thymol, Cera alba, honey, and glycerol. Results showed significant healing of wounds. From: Oreščanin, V. (2016). Treatment of pressure ulcers with Bioapifit® wound healing herbal ointment-a preliminary study. IJRDO: J Biol Sci, 2(10), 1-15.
• In 40 healthy adults, test areas of the back were overexposed to ultraviolet light. A formulation with Aloe vera showed the highest anti-inflammatory effect. Formulations with Chamomilla recutita, Melissa officinalis, Melaleuca alternifolia and Coriandrum sativum showed some anti-inflammatory effect. From: Beikert, F. C., Schönfeld, B. S., Frank, U., & Augustin, M. (2013). Antiinflammatory potential of seven plant extracts in the ultraviolet erythema test. A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete, 64(1), 40-46.

ANTI-ITCHING

• Oral intake of German chamomile extracts reduced the itch-scratch response comparable to oxatomide in mice.  From:  Kobayashi, Y., Nakano, Y., Inayama, K., Sakai, A., & Kamiya, T. (2003). Dietary intake of the flower extracts of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) inhibited compound 48/80-induced itch-scratch responses in mice. Phytomedicine, 10(8), 657-664.
• Chamomile along with conventional antihistamines could be used to treat severe itching (pruritus). From:  Kobayashi, Y., Takahashi, R., & Ogino, F. (2005). Antipruritic effect of the single oral administration of German chamomile flower extract and its combined effect with antiallergic agents in ddY mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 101(1), 308-312.
• German chamomile can be recommended to relieve itching and inflammation and heal peristomal skin lesions. From:  Charousaei, F., Dabirian, A., & Mojab, F. (2011). Using chamomile solution or a 1% topical hydrocortisone ointment in the management of peristomal skin lesions in colostomy patients: results of a controlled clinical study. Ostomy-Wound Management, 57(5), 28.

JOINT HEALTH

• In a review of human studies, the following herbs aided in reducing osteoarthritis symptoms: German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), olive oil (Olea europaea), arnebia (Arnebia euchroma), rue (Peganum harmala), dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus), pomogranate (Punica granatum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and black cumin seed (Nigella sativa). From: Bagheri, S., Ebadi, N., Taghipour, Z., Toliyat, T., Mirabzadeh Ardakani, M., & Zargaran, A. (2018). Persian medicine herbal therapies for osteoarthritis: a review of clinical trials. Res J Pharmacogn, 5(4), 75-81.
• In a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover trial of 42 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, topical use of a pomonade that included arnebia and German chamomile helped relieve pain. From: Soltanian, A. R., Mehdibarzi, D., Faghihzadeh, S., Naseri, M., & Gerami, A. (2010). Mixture of Arnebia euchroma and Matricaria chamomilla (Marhame-Mafasel) for pain relief of osteoarthritis of the knee–a two-treatment, two-period crossover trial. Archives of medical science: AMS, 6(6), 950.
• In a study of 84 patients with osteoarthrits, rubbing a chamomile herb oil on their knee three times a day for three weeks significantly reduced. From: Shoara, R., Hashempur, M. H., Ashraf, A., Salehi, A., Dehshahri, S., & Habibagahi, Z. (2015). Efficacy and safety of topical Matricaria chamomilla L.(chamomile) oil for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 21(3), 181-187.

BONES / OSTEOPOROSIS

• Sideritis sp. (ironwort), Marticaria chamomilla (German chamomile), and Pimpinella anisum (anise) stimulate osteoblastic cell differentiation and exhibit an anti-estrogenic effect on breast cancer cells without proliferative effects on cervical adenocarcinoma cells, and may be considered to prevent osteoporosis and to treat hormone sensitive cancers.  From:  Kassi, E., Papoutsi, Z., Fokialakis, N., Messari, I., Mitakou, S., & Moutsatsou, P. (2004). Greek plant extracts exhibit selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)-like properties. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 52(23), 6956-6961.

REDUCED CARPAL TUNNEL

• In a double blind randomized study of 26 patients with carpal tunnel, the use of German chamomile in a carrier oil used topically twice a day for weeks was more effective at reducing symptoms than the placebo.  From:  Hashempur, M. H., Lari, Z. N., Ghoreishi, P. S., Daneshfard, B., Ghasemi, M. S., Homayouni, K., & Zargaran, A. (2015). A pilot randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial on topical chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) oil for severe carpal tunnel syndrome. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 21(4), 223-228.

ANTIOXIDANT

• Chamomile (Matricaria aurea Schultz), anise (Pimpinella anisum) and dill (Anethum graveolens) demonstrated antioxidant activities.  From:  Mohammad Al‐Ismail, K., & Aburjai, T. (2004). Antioxidant activity of water and alcohol extracts of chamomile flowers, anise seeds and dill seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84(2), 173-178.​
• Artemisia dracunculus and Matricaria chamomilla extracts showed antioxidant activity.  From:  Ayoughi, F., Marzegar, M., Sahari, M. A., & Naghdibadi, H. (2010). Chemical compositions of essential oils of Artemisia dracunculus L. and endemic Matricaria chamomilla L. and an evaluation of their antioxidative effects. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 13, 79-88.
• Chamazulene inhibited lipid peroxidation. From:  Rekka, E. A., Kourounakis, A. P., & Kourounakis, P. N. (1996). Investigation of the effect of chamazulene on lipid peroxidation and free radical processes. Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology, 92(3), 361-364.
• Chamazulene in chamomile demonstrated antioxidant power.  From:  Capuzzo, A., Occhipinti, A., & Maffei, M. E. (2014). Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of chamazulene. Natural product research, 28(24), 2321-2323.
• Of 25 essential oils tested, thyme and clove showed the highest antioxidant activity; indicated were their thymol and eugenol components..  Cinnamon, basil, bergamot, eucalyptus, chamomile, bitter orange, and aloe vera were also effective.  From:  Wei, A., & Shibamoto, T. (2010). Antioxidant/lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and chemical compositions of selected essential oils. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 58(12), 7218-7225.
• Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities for German chamomile and fennel essential oils were assessed.  From:  Roby, M. H. H., Sarhan, M. A., Selim, K. A. H., & Khalel, K. I. (2013). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Industrial crops and products, 44, 437-445.
• Ethanol extracts of German chamomile showed in vitro antioxidant activity and were antiproliferative against human hepatoma cancer cells. From: Al-Dabbagh, B., Elhaty, I. A., Elhaw, M., Murali, C., Al Mansoori, A., Awad, B., & Amin, A. (2019). Antioxidant and anticancer activities of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). BMC research notes, 12(1), 3.
• In this study of 20 essential oils chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) was the most bioactive candidate for DNA polymerase inhibitory, cancer cell growth inhibitory, antiallergic, and antioxidant activities.  From:  Mitoshi, M., Kuriyama, I., Nakayama, H., Miyazato, H., Sugimoto, K., Kobayashi, Y., … & Mizushina, Y. (2012). Effects of essential oils from herbal plants and citrus fruits on DNA polymerase inhibitory, cancer cell growth inhibitory, antiallergic, and antioxidant activities. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 60(45), 11343-11350.

​ANTIMICROBIAL / ANTIBACTERIAL / ANTIFUNGAL / ANTIVIRAL

• Citrus aurantium (bergamot), C. limon (lemon), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Mentha piperita (peppermint), M. spicata (spearmint), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Origanum vulgare(oregano), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), and Salvia officinalis (sage) along with their constituents were tested against human pathogenic bacteria.  The highest and broadest activity was shown by O. vulgare oil and carvacrol had the highest antibacterial activity among the tested constituents.  Other significant constituents included: camphor, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, menthol, a-pinene, b-pinene, and thymol.  From:  Soković, M., Glamočlija, J., Marin, P. D., Brkić, D., & van Griensven, L. J. (2010). Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model. Molecules, 15(11), 7532-7546.
• M. chamomilla essential oil may be helpful in preventing fungal contamination of stored food. From:  Tolouee, M., Alinezhad, S., Saberi, R., Eslamifar, A., Zad, S. J., Jaimand, K., … & Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M. (2010). Effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil on the growth and ultrastructure of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. International journal of food microbiology, 139(3), 127-133.
• Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities for German chamomile and fennel essential oils were assessed.  From:  Roby, M. H. H., Sarhan, M. A., Selim, K. A. H., & Khalel, K. I. (2013). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Industrial crops and products, 44, 437-445.
• M. recutita could be an effective antifungal for treatment of dermatophytosis fungal infections.  From:  Jamalian, A., Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M., Jaimand, K., Pashootan, N., Amani, A., & Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M. (2012). Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Matricaria recutita flower essential oil against medically important dermatophytes and soil-borne pathogens. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology, 22(4), 308-315.
• Low doses of M. chamomilla could be an antistreptococcal agent.  From:  Owlia, P., Rasooli, I., & Saderi, H. (2007). Antistreptococcal and antioxidant activity of essential oil from Matricaria chamomilla L. Res. J. Biol. Sci, 2(2), 237-239.
• M. Chamomilla, oil extract had significant antimicrobial activity.  From:  Abdoul-Latif, F. M., Mohamed, N., Edou, P., Ali, A. A., Djama, S. O., Obame, L. C., … & Dicko, M. H. (2011). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil and methanol extract of Matricaria chamomilla L. from Djibouti. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(9), 1512-1517.
• The author concluded chamomile oil exhibited a high selectivity index and could be a a possible topical therapeutic application as a virucidal agent against herpes genitalis.   From:  Koch, C., Reichling, J., Schneele, J., & Schnitzler, P. (2008). Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type 2. Phytomedicine, 15(1), 71-78.
• Related to essential oils active against microbes affecting the outer ear, clove and chamomile were active against 3 strains of S. aureus and the Candida strains; mexican mint was effective against seven of the S. aureus strains, and rue was effective against the Candida strains.  From:  Nogueira, J. C. R., Diniz, M. D. F. M., & Lima, E. O. (2008). In vitro antimicrobial activity of plants in Acute Otitis Externa. Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology, 74(1), 118-124.
• Althaea officinalis (marshmallow) and  Matricaria recutita (German chamomile) had bactericide and bacteriostatic effects against tested bacteria.  From:  Zarei, B., Saifi, T., Fazeli, A., Khodadadi, E., & Namavar, A. (2013). Evaluation of Antibacterial effects of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) On four strains of bacteria. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5(14), 1571.
• Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Botanical extracts that were most effective against H. pylori included:  Carum carvi, Elettaria cardamomum, Gentiana lutea, Juniper communis, Lavandula angustifolia, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Pimpinella anisum, Matricaria recutita, and Ginkgo biloba.  From:  Mahady, G. B., Pendland, S. L., Stoia, A., Hamill, F. A., Fabricant, D., Dietz, B. M., & Chadwick, L. R. (2005). In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to botanical extracts used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Phytotherapy research, 19(11), 988-991.
• German chamomile essential oil and its constituents demonstrated antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antifungal actions in vitro. From: Göger, G., Demirci, B., Ilgın, S., & Demirci, F. (2018). Antimicrobial and toxicity profiles evaluation of the chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) essential oil combination with standard antimicrobial agents. Industrial Crops and Products, 120, 279-285.
• German and Roman chamomile extracts demonstrated varying antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria and fungi.  From:  Boudıeb, K., Kaki, S. A. S. A., Oulebsir-Mohandkaci, H., & Bennacer, A. (2018). Phytochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Potentialities of Two Medicinal plants, Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All and Matricaria chamomilla (L.).

PRESERVATIVE

• M. chamomilla essential oil may be helpful in preventing fungal contamination of stored food. From:  Tolouee, M., Alinezhad, S., Saberi, R., Eslamifar, A., Zad, S. J., Jaimand, K., … & Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M. (2010). Effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil on the growth and ultrastructure of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. International journal of food microbiology, 139(3), 127-133.

ANTI-PARASITIC

• Matricaria recutita extracts showed in vitro antiparasitic activity against Haemonchus contortus. From: Hajaji, S., Alimi, D., Jabri, M. A., Abuseir, S., Gharbi, M., & Akkari, H. (2018). Anthelmintic activity of Tunisian chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) against Haemonchus contortus. Journal of helminthology, 92(2), 168-177.
• In this review of research, the following herbs have shown potential against cutaneous leishmaniasis in vivo: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Matricaria chamomilla, Cathrantus roseus, Echinacea purpurea, Lawsonia inermis, Artemisia sieberi, Berberis vulgaris, Allium sativum, and Lavandula spica. This is a skin disease caused by a parasite and transmitted by a bite from a sandfly. From: Shamsi, M. O. R. T. E. Z. A., Abbasi, N., Mohajer, A. S. A. D. O. L. L. A. H., Hoseini, M. A. S. I. H., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. A. H. M. O. U. D. (2018). THE MOST IMPORTANT NATIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS EFFECTIVE AGAINST CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN MOUSE. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research, 8(2), P1-P7.

ANTI-CANCER

• In this study of 20 essential oils chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) was the most bioactive candidate for DNA polymerase inhibitory, cancer cell growth inhibitory, antiallergic, and antioxidant activities.  From:  Mitoshi, M., Kuriyama, I., Nakayama, H., Miyazato, H., Sugimoto, K., Kobayashi, Y., … & Mizushina, Y. (2012). Effects of essential oils from herbal plants and citrus fruits on DNA polymerase inhibitory, cancer cell growth inhibitory, antiallergic, and antioxidant activities. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 60(45), 11343-11350.
• Chamomile extracts caused minimal growth inhibitory responses to normal cells, but significantly decreased various human cancer cell lines.  From:  Srivastava, J. K., & Gupta, S. (2007). Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of chamomile extract in various human cancer cells. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 55(23), 9470-9478.
• Ethanol extracts of German chamomile showed in vitro antioxidant activity and were antiproliferative against human hepatoma cancer cells. From: Al-Dabbagh, B., Elhaty, I. A., Elhaw, M., Murali, C., Al Mansoori, A., Awad, B., & Amin, A. (2019). Antioxidant and anticancer activities of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). BMC research notes, 12(1), 3.

ANTI-DIABETIC

• M. chamomilla showed antihyperglycemic effect in diabetic rats, and reduced the hyperglycemia-related oxidative stress.  From:  Cemek, M., Kağa, S., Şimşek, N., Büyükokuroğlu, M. E., & Konuk, M. (2008). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of natural medicines, 62(3), 284-293.
• In a study with fifty diabetic patients, the treatment group took 10 g/100 mL boiling watera twice a day for 4 weeks of a chamomile infusion, resulting in significantly lowered cholesterol and blood sugar levels. From: Kaseb, F., Yazdanpanah, Z., Biregani, A. N., Yazdi, N. B., & Yazdanpanah, Z. (2018). The effect of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) infusion on blood glucose, lipid profile and kidney function in Type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized clinical trial. Progress in Nutrition, 20(1-S), 110-118.

PESTICIDAL / ACARICIDAL

• Matricaria chamomilla showed high acaricidal activity in vitro against the mite Psoroptes cuniculi found in domestic animals.   From:  Macchioni, F., Perrucci, S., Cecchi, F., Cioni, P. L., Morelli, I., & Pampiglione, S. (2004). Acaricidal activity of aqueous extracts of camomile flowers, Matricaria chamomilla, against the mite Psoroptes cuniculi. Medical and veterinary entomology, 18(2), 205-207.
• Lice infesting of buffaloes was significantly reduced after treatment with camphor, peppermint, chamomile, and onion and rosemary essential oils. Moreover, the oils significantly repelled fly species:  Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, Haematobia irritans and Hippobosca equina.  From: Khater, H. F., Ramadan, M. Y., & El-Madawy, R. S. (2009). Lousicidal, ovicidal and repellent efficacy of some essential oils against lice and flies infesting water buffaloes in Egypt. Veterinary parasitology, 164(2), 257-266.

ORAL HEALTH

• In a review of studies, including 11 human studies with 644 patients, Matricaria recutita was considered a promising treatment of oral mucositis. More studies are needed to determine the best treatment protocol. From: Gomes, V. T. S., Nonato Silva Gomes, R., Gomes, M. S., Joaquim, W. M., Lago, E. C., & Nicolau, R. A. (2018). Effects of Matricaria recutita (L.) in the Treatment of Oral Mucositis. The Scientific World Journal, 2018.
• In a study with 100 dental student volunteers, an herbal toothpaste containing chamomile, echinacea, sage, rhatany, myrrh and peppermint oil was just as effective as typical commercial toothpaste in oral hygiene measures.  From:  Mitra, D., Shah, S., Shah, R., Rodrigues, S., Pathare, P., & Vijayakar, H. (2015). Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of a Herbal Toothpaste in Comparison with a Triclosan Containing Toothpaste in a Population of Dental College Students–A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian Journal of Contemporary Dentistry, 3(2), 67-70.
• Chamomile may be an effective ingredient in teeth cleaning.  From:  Lahijani, S., Raoof Kateb, H. R., Heady, R., & Yazdani, D. (2006). The effect of German chamomile (Marticaria recutita L.) extract and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia L.) oil used as irrigants on removal of smear layer: a scanning electron microscopy study. International endodontic journal, 39(3), 190-195.
• In a double blind, controlled, crossover study of 25 patients, a mouthwash containing German chamomile reduced oral inflammation and plaque.  From:  Pourabbas, R., & Delazar, A. (2010). The effect of German chamomile mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 105-109.
• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.
• Oral mucositis was successfully treated with chamomile.  From:  Mazokopakis, E. E., Vrentzos, G. E., Papadakis, J. A., Babalis, D. E., & Ganotakis, E. S. (2005). Wild chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) mouthwashes in methotrexate-induced oral mucositis. Phytomedicine, 12(1), 25-27.
• This article reviews plants used in oral health and includes pomegranate, German chamomile, green tea, Diospyros mespiliformis, Diospyros lycioides, Salvadora persica, honey and propolis from the manuka tree, rhubarb, raisins, essential oils (thyme, cajuput, manuka, and verbena), probiotics and mushrooms. From: Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Tropica, 154, 6-18.

ANTI-ALLERGY

• In this study of 20 essential oils chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) was the most bioactive candidate for DNA polymerase inhibitory, cancer cell growth inhibitory, antiallergic, and antioxidant activities.  From:  Mitoshi, M., Kuriyama, I., Nakayama, H., Miyazato, H., Sugimoto, K., Kobayashi, Y., … & Mizushina, Y. (2012). Effects of essential oils from herbal plants and citrus fruits on DNA polymerase inhibitory, cancer cell growth inhibitory, antiallergic, and antioxidant activities. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 60(45), 11343-11350.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AID

• In a controlled study of 30 women with chemotherapy related nausea, aromatherapy with chamomile significantly reduced nausea. From: Putri, I. N., Amelia, R., & Rahayu, S. (2019). The chamomile aromatherapy reduce the scale of nausea. International Journal of Public Health, 8(3), 294-299.
• Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Botanical extracts that were most effective against H. pylori included:  Carum carvi, Elettaria cardamomum, Gentiana lutea, Juniper communis, Lavandula angustifolia, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Pimpinella anisum, Matricaria recutita, and Ginkgo biloba.  From:  Mahady, G. B., Pendland, S. L., Stoia, A., Hamill, F. A., Fabricant, D., Dietz, B. M., & Chadwick, L. R. (2005). In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to botanical extracts used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Phytotherapy research, 19(11), 988-991.
• In a randomized controlled trial with 142 women who had just given birth, application of a chamomile oil on the abdomin improved postoperative bowel activity. From: Khadem, E., Shirazi, M., Janani, L., Rahimi, R., Amiri, P., & Ghorat, F. (2018). Effect of topical chamomile oil on postoperative bowel activity after cesarean section: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of research in pharmacy practice, 7(3), 128.

ANTI-ULCER

• Extracts from Iberis amara (candytuft), Melissa officinalis (Melissa), Matricaria recutita (chamomile), Carum carvi (caraway), Mentha piperita (peppermint), Glycyrrhtza glabra (licorice), Angelica archangelica (Angelica), Silybum marianum (milk thistle), and Chelidonium majus (celandines) demonstrated in vivo antiulcer activity alone and as a combined formulation. From: Khayyal, M. T., El-Ghazaly, M. A., Kenawy, S. A., Seif-El-Nasr, M., Mahran, L. G., Kafafi, Y. A., & Okpanyi, S. N. (2001). Antiulcerogenic effect of some gastrointestinally acting plant extracts and their combination. Arzneimittelforschung, 51(07), 545-553.
• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.

MOUTH COLD SORES / ANTI-HERPES

• The author concluded chamomile oil exhibited a high selectivity index and could be a possible topical therapeutic application as a virucidal agent against herpes genitalis.   From:  Koch, C., Reichling, J., Schneele, J., & Schnitzler, P. (2008). Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type 2. Phytomedicine, 15(1), 71-78.

CHILDREN’S HEALTH

• In a randomized controlled trial with 74 colicy infants, topical use of chamomile herb oil preparation applied to the abdomine three times a day for 14 days reduced colic symptoms. From: Salehipoor, H., Afzali, B., Akrami, R., Ghorat, F., Niktabe, Z., & Sahebkar, M. (2019). Effect of Topical Chamomile Oil (Matricaria chamomile L.) as a Supplementary Method on Colic Symptoms in Infants: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. Iranian Journal of Neonatology IJN, 10(1), 15-22.
• The present study shows that colic in breastfed infants improves within 1 week of treatment with an extract based on Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis.  From:  Savino, F., Cresi, F., Castagno, E., Silvestro, L., & Oggero, R. (2005). A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of a standardized extract of Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis (ColiMil®).​
• This was a double blind randomized clinical trial including 46 children with intermittent asthma. An herbal blend of Matricaria chamomilla, Althaea officinalis, Malva sylvestris, Hyssopus officinalis, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Ziziphus jujube taken at the onset of the common cold for five days reduced symptoms compared to the placebo. From: Javid, A., Haghi, N. M., Emami, S. A., Ansari, A., Zojaji, S. A., Khoshkhui, M., & Ahanchian, H. (2019). Short-course administration of a traditional herbal mixture ameliorates asthma symptoms of the common cold in children. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 9(2), 126.
• In a multicenter randomized study of 167 babies with colic, a blend of Matricariae chamomilla, Melissa officinalis, and tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus was significantly more effective than simethicone in reducing symptoms. From: Martinelli, M., Ummarino, D., Giugliano, F. P., Sciorio, E., Tortora, C., Bruzzese, D., … & Campanozzi, A. (2017). Efficacy of a standardized extract of Matricariae chamomilla L., Melissa officinalis L. and tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus (HA 122) in infantile colic: An open randomized controlled trial. Neurogastroenterology & Motility, 29(12), e13145.

FEMALE HEALTH

• In a double blind 8 week study with 60 patients, the group who ingested daily drops of a chamomile preparation had significantly reduced mastalgia. From: Saghafi, N., Rhkhshandeh, H., Pourmoghadam, N., Pourali, L., Ghazanfarpour, M., Behrooznia, A., & Vafisani, F. (2018). Effectiveness of Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) extract on pain control of cyclic mastalgia: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 38(1), 81-84.
• This articles reviews research on herbs for treating menstrual pain. Herbs included: ginger, German chamomile, mint, valerian, cramp bark, black haw, fennel, lemon balm, cumin, and cinnamon. From: Rajabzadeh, F., Fazljou, S. M., Khodaie, L., Abbasalizadeh, S., & Sahebi, L. (2018). Effects of hot temperament herbs on primary Dysmenorrhea: a systematic review. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine, 7(10), 257.
• In a review of studies, the author found Matricaria chamomilla, elettaria cardamomum, pomegranate and spearmint syrup, lemon, and ginger to help pregnant women with nausea. From: Khorasani, F., Aryan, H., Sobhi, A., Aryan, R., Abavi-Sani, A., Ghazanfarpour, M., … & Rajab Dizavandi, F. (2019). A systematic review of the efficacy of alternative medicine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1-10.
• In a randomized trial with 130 women, the aroma of chamomile had no effect on duration and number of contractions, but it did decrease the intensity of contractions during dilatation of 5–7 cm. From: Heidari-fard, S., Mohammadi, M., & Fallah, S. (2018). The effect of chamomile odor on contractions of the first stage of delivery in primpara women: A clinical trial. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 32, 61-64.
• In a randomized clinical study with 130 women giving birth, the aroma of chamomile safely reduced anxiety without changing the delivery outcome. From: Rahnavardi, M., Heydarifard, S., & Mohammadi, M. (2018). The Effect of Chamomile Odor on Anxiety and Some Consequences of Delivery in Primiparous Women. Journal of Health and Care, 20(3), 235-243.
• In a randomized controlled trial with 142 women who had just given birth, application of a chamomile oil on the abdomin improved postoperative bowel activity. From: Khadem, E., Shirazi, M., Janani, L., Rahimi, R., Amiri, P., & Ghorat, F. (2018). Effect of topical chamomile oil on postoperative bowel activity after cesarean section: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of research in pharmacy practice, 7(3), 128.
• Sideritis sp. (ironwort), Marticaria chamomilla (German chamomile), and Pimpinella anisum (anise) stimulate osteoblastic cell differentiation and exhibit an anti-estrogenic effect on breast cancer cells without proliferative effects on cervical adenocarcinoma cells, and may be considered to prevent osteoporosis and to treat hormone sensitive cancers.  From:  Kassi, E., Papoutsi, Z., Fokialakis, N., Messari, I., Mitakou, S., & Moutsatsou, P. (2004). Greek plant extracts exhibit selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)-like properties. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 52(23), 6956-6961.
• In a double-blind randomized controlled trial study of 50 femaile studients with menstrual pains, one group ingested a chamomile supplement during the first three days of their menstrual cycle. The other group ingested a yarrow supplement. Both groups had reduced pain, but the yarrow group had better results than the chamomile group. From:   Radfar, S., Shahoie, R., Noori, B., Jalilian, F., & Nasab, L. H. (2018). Comparative Study on the Effect of Matricaria chamomile and Achillea millefolium Capsules on Primary Dysmenorrhea Intensity of Dormitory Students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 2018. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 1-7.

HYPOLIPIDEMIC

• In a study with fifty diabetic patients, the treatment group took 10 g/100 mL boiling water a twice a day for 4 weeks of a chamomile infusion, resulting in significantly lowered cholesterol and blood sugar levels. From: Kaseb, F., Yazdanpanah, Z., Biregani, A. N., Yazdi, N. B., & Yazdanpanah, Z. (2018). The effect of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) infusion on blood glucose, lipid profile and kidney function in Type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized clinical trial. Progress in Nutrition, 20(1-S), 110-118.
• This in vivo study demonstrated the hypolipidemic, antioxidant, cardiac protective effect of ingesting a German chamomile extract. From: Nargesi, S., Moayeri, A., Ghorbani, A., Seifinejad, Y., & Shirzadpour, E. (2018). The effects of Matricaria chamomilla L. hydroalcoholic extract on atherosclerotic plaques, antioxidant activity, lipid profile and inflammatory indicators in rats. Biomedical Research and Therapy, 5(10), 2752-2761.

ANTI-GENOTOXIC

• The following herbs showed detoxing activity in vitro:  chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), small leaved lime (Tilia cordata), peppermint (Mentha piperita), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), cat’s clay (Uncaria tomentosa) and valerian (Valeriana officinalis).  From:  Romero-Jiménez, M., Campos-Sanchez, J., Analla, M., Muñoz-Serrano, A., & Alonso-Moraga, Á. (2005). Genotoxicity and anti-genotoxicity of some traditional medicinal herbs. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 585(1), 147-155.

CARDIAC PROTECTIVE

• This in vivo study demonstrated the hypolipidemic, antioxidant, cardiac protective effect of ingesting a German chamomile extract. From: Nargesi, S., Moayeri, A., Ghorbani, A., Seifinejad, Y., & Shirzadpour, E. (2018). The effects of Matricaria chamomilla L. hydroalcoholic extract on atherosclerotic plaques, antioxidant activity, lipid profile and inflammatory indicators in rats. Biomedical Research and Therapy, 5(10), 2752-2761.

RESPIRATORY HEALTH

• This was a double blind randomized clinical trial including 46 children with intermittent asthma. An herbal blend of Matricaria chamomilla, Althaea officinalis, Malva sylvestris, Hyssopus officinalis, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Ziziphus jujube taken at the onset of the common cold for five days reduced symptoms compared to the placebo. From: Javid, A., Haghi, N. M., Emami, S. A., Ansari, A., Zojaji, S. A., Khoshkhui, M., & Ahanchian, H. (2019). Short-course administration of a traditional herbal mixture ameliorates asthma symptoms of the common cold in children. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 9(2), 126.

ALOPECIA

• This was a 6 month randomized, placebo-controlled study with 120 patients with androgenetic alopecia. An herbal shampoo containing extracts from Urtica urens leaf, Urtica dioica root, Matricaria chamomilla flower, Achillea millefolium aerial parts, Ceratonia siliqua fruit, and Equisetum arvense leaf was more effective than the placebo in preventing hair loss. From: Pekmezci, E., Dündar, C., & Türkoğlu, M. (2018). A proprietary herbal extract against hair loss in androgenetic alopecia and telogen effluvium: A placebo-controlled, single-blind, clinical-instrumental study. Acta Dermatovenerologica APA, 27(2), 51-57.

DANDRUFF

• An herbal shampoo blend of alcohol extracts from Punica granatum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Urtica dioica, Mentha piperita, and Salvia officinalis with Pirocton Olamine and Zinc-PCA were tested on 30 dandruff patients for two months. Significant reduction in dandruff resulted.  From:  Sahraie-Rad, M., Izadyari, A., Rakizadeh, S., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2015). Preparation of strong antidandruff shampoo using medicinal plant extracts: a clinical trial and chronic dandruff treatment. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 10(4), e21517.

FEVER

• Vibercol was as effective as aceteminophgen in reducing fever and infection. Vibercol had less side effects. Vibercol contains Chamomilla recutita, Atropa belladonna, Solanum dulcamara, Plantago major, Pulsatilla pratensis, Calcium carbonicum, and Hahnemanni. From: Derasse, M., Klein, P., & Weiser, M. (2005). The effects of a complex homeopathic medicine compared with acetaminophen in the symptomatic treatment of acute febrile infections in children: an observational study. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 1(1), 33-39.
• Marshmallow, beet, chicory, watermelon, coriander, licorice, fummitory, henna, chamomile, peppermint, water lilly, great plantain, purslain, pomogranate, willow, violet, and jujube have been used in Persian medicine to help reduce fever in children. From: Hadian, F., Varshochi, M., Zargaran, A., Besharat, M., & Mousavi Bazaz, M. (2019). Medicinal Herbs Useful in Pediatric Fever from the Perspective of Persian Medicine. International Journal of Pediatrics, 7(9), 10087-10098.

By: Kathy Sadowski

Updated: 5/7/2022