Cinnamon (Cinnamom zeylanicum) Research

Latin Name: Cinnamom zeylanicum

Family: Lauracae

Cinnamon is a common spice, coming from the bark or leaves of the tropical Coppiced tree.  It is one of the most potent antimicrobial essential oils, tested against hundreds of bacteria and fungi.  It has also shown the ability to help lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels, and may be useful as an insecticidal and repellent.  More research is needed.

RESEARCH

The listings of research below represent a compilation of scientific articles found on the species, with a very brief overview description of each article/study.  Research found is catalogued by therapeutic action.  This categorized compilation of research articles does not necessarily imply that there are adequate results to demonstrate safe and/or effective human use.

GENERAL

• A review of research is provided for the health benefits of cinnamon.  Recent studies have demonstrated hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory, abilities that may help with metabolic syndrome, inflammatory disorders, and polycystic ovary syndrome.  From:  Singletary, K. (2019). Cinnamon: Update of Potential Health Benefits. Nutrition Today, 54(1), 42-52.
• Ethnobotanical and pharmaceutical uses of cinnamon are reviewed.  The herb is antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antifungal, and has been used for respiratory infections, digestive conditions, heart problems, female health, weight loss, tooth aches, muscle pains, kidney troubles, and high blood sugar.  From:  Kumar, S., & Kumari, R. (2019). Cinnamomum: Review article of essential oil compounds, ethnobotany, antifungal and antibacterial effects. Open Access J. Sci, 3, 13-16.
• In this review of research, essential oils from the family Lauraceae family have shown significant antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities.  From:  Damasceno, C. S. B., Higaki, N. T. F., Dias, J. D. F. G., Miguel, M. D., & Miguel, O. G. (2019). Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils in the Family Lauraceae: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Planta medica.
• Lis-Balchin, M.  (2006). Aromatherapy science, A guide for healthcare professionals.  Pharmaceutical Press:  London.
• Petersen, D. (2015). Aromatherapy materia medica.  Essential oil monographs.  American College of Healthcare Sciences.
• The cinnamic acid constituent may be toxic in high dose.  From: Hoskins, J. A. (1984). The occurrence, metabolism and toxicity of cinnamic acid and related compounds. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 4(6), 283-292.
• WebMD.  (n.d.).  Cinnamon.  Retrieved in November 2015.  Retrieved from www.webmd.com
• Tisserand, R. & Young, R. (2014).  Essential Oil Safety.  Second Edition.  Churchill, Livingstone, Elsevier.
• The medicinal properties of cinnamon are reviewed.  From:  Ranasinghe, P., Pigera, S., Premakumara, G. S., Galappaththy, P., Constantine, G. R., & Katulanda, P. (2013). Medicinal properties of ‘true’cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): a systematic review. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 13(1), 275.
• Traded since ancient time, cinnamon was used in ancient Egypt as an embalming ingredient and for perfumes.  Ancient Chinese texts show it was used to treat fever, diarrhea, and menstrual cycle issues.  Ayurvedic medicine used it for digestive and menstrual complaints.  It has been mentioned in the Bible to be used for holy anointing.  During medieval times, it was available to only the very wealthy who could afford the high price.  In addition to being a valuable spice, it was used for respiratory and digestive upset by medieval physicians.  From: Weil, A., et al. (2010).  National Geographic Guide to Medicinal Herbs.  National Geographic.  Washington D.C.

SAFETY

• Can be an irritant in the mouth.
• Cinnamon can cause skin irritation.
• Excessive use of the essential oil can cause increased heart rate followed by a sedative state (Petersen, 2015).
• Essential oil is not for use during pregnancy, nursing, or for those with digestive issues (Petersen, 2015).
• Essential oil can be adultered with cinnamon leaf oil, clove, canella, bay, or synthetic oil (Lis-Balchin, 2006).
• Not recommended for those on anticoagulant medicine or with liver damage (Lis-Balchin, 2006).
• May lower blood sugar; those with diabetes should monitor sugar levels, should not be taken before surgery (WebMD, nd).
• Avoid the uncommon safrole chemotype of essential oil, a carcingenic constituent (Tisserand & Young, 2014).
• Melaleuca leucadendron (cajuput), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Cinnamomum burmani (cinnamon), Strychnos ligustrina, and Piper nigrum (black pepper) may inhibit CYP3A4 and/or CYP2D6 in the liver, affecting drug and chemicals metabolism.  From:  Usia, T., Iwata, H., Kadota, S., & Tezuka, Y. (2006). Mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 by Indonesian medicinal plants. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 105(3), 449-455.
• Large doses or long durations of cinnamon intake may have adverse effects on health.  From:  Hajimonfarednejad, M., Ostovar, M., Raee, M. J., Hashempur, M. H., Mayer, J. G., & Heydari, M. (2019). Cinnamon: A systematic review of adverse events. Clinical nutrition, 38(2), 594-602.

ANTIMICROBIAL / ANTIBACTERIAL / ANTIFUNGAL / ANTIVIRAL

• ​​In a mega-analysis of over 500 studies on essential oil antimicrobial activity, spices and herbs of thyme, oregano, mint, cinnamon, salvia and clove had the strongest antimicrobial properties. From:  Kalemba, D., & Kunicka, A. (2003). Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils. Current medicinal chemistry, 10(10), 813-829.
• Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Cuminum cyminum essential oils showed in vitro activity against pathogenic microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans.  From:  Condò, C., Anacarso, I., Sabia, C., Iseppi, R., Anfelli, I., Forti, L., … & Messi, P. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of spices essential oils and its effectiveness on mature biofilms of human pathogens. Natural product research, 1-8.
• Cinnamon, lemon thyme, thyme, honey myrtle, lavender, and fragonia demonstrated varying degrees of antibacterial activity against multiple tested pathogens. From:  Durmic, Z., McSweeney, C. S., Kemp, G. W., Hutton, P., Wallace, R. J., & Vercoe, P. E. (2008). Australian plants with potential to inhibit bacteria and processes involved in ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145(1-4), 271-284.
• The use of plant essential oils against antibiotic resistant microbes is discussed. Key essential oils include basil, cilantro, coriander, cinnamon, clove, curry, garlic, helichrysum, lavender, lemongrass, oregano, peppermint, and tea tree. From: Yang, S. K., Low, L. Y., Yap, P. S. X., Yusoff, K., Mai, C. W., Lai, K. S., & Lim, S. H. E. (2018). Plant-Derived Antimicrobials: Insights into Mitigation of Antimicrobial Resistance. Records of Natural Products, 12(4).
• Against meat bacteria in food: thyme, garlic and cinnamon showed the most antimicrobial activity.  From:  García-Díez, J., Alheiro, J., Falco, V., Fraqueza, M. J., & Patarata, L. (2016). Chemical characterization and antimicrobial properties of herbs and spices essential oils against pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated to dry-cured meat products. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1-9.
• Essential oils of cinnamon, peppermint, basil, origanum, clove, and thyme caused a total inhibition of fungal development on maize kernels without a phytotoxic effect.  From: Montes-Belmont, R., & Carvajal, M. (1998). Control of Aspergillus flavus in maize with plant essential oils and their components. Journal of Food Protection®, 61(5), 616-619.
• Cinnamon essential oil reduced oral candida in vitro.  From:  Rangel, M. D. L., Aquino, S. G. D., Lima, J. M. D., Castellano, L. R., & Castro, R. D. D. (2018). In vitro effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume essential oil on Candida spp. involved in oral infections. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018.
• Cinnamon, thyme, oregano, and cumin stopped mycelial growth at the lowest concentration. From:  Tantaoui-Elaraki, A., & Beraoud, L. (1993). Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus by essential oils of selected plant materials. Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology: official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer, 13(1), 67-72.
• Cinnamon and eucalyptus oils showed antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens.  From:  Fani, M. M., & Kohanteb, J. (2019). Inhibitory activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and eucalyptus globulus oils on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida species isolated from patients with oral infections. Journal of Dentistry, 11(Supplement Winter 2011), 14-22.
• Cinnamon bark essential oil and its cinnamaldehyde constituent were antibacterial against the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivitis.   From: Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Shi, Y. Q., Pan, X. H., Lu, Y. H., & Cao, P. (2018). Antibacterial effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark essential oil on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microbial pathogenesis, 116, 26-32.
• Cinnamon, Mexican oregano, oregano, thyme, and ginger essential oils showed antifungal activity.  From:  Pozzatti, P., Scheid, L. A., Spader, T. B., Atayde, M. L., Santurio, J. M., & Alves, S. H. (2008). In vitro activity of essential oils extracted from plants used as spices against fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible Candida spp. Canadian journal of microbiology, 54(11), 950-956.
• A variety of 31 essential oils were tested against over 600 vaginal organisms with Spanish oregano, ceylon cinnamon, Chinese cinnamon, thyme, savory, creeping thyme and turpentine resin showing the strongest activity.  From:  Arnal-Schnebelen, B., Hadji-Minaglou, F., Peroteau, J. F., Ribeyre, F., & De Billerbeck, V. G. (2004). Essential oils in infectious gynaecological disease: a statistical study of 658 cases. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 14(4), 192-197.
• The following essential oils were tested against a variety of microbes in a variety of environments:  cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), basil (Ocimum basillicum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), dill (Anethum graveolens), and ginger (Zingiber officinalis).   From:  Lopez, P., Sanchez, C., Batlle, R., & Nerin, C. (2005). Solid-and vapor-phase antimicrobial activities of six essential oils: susceptibility of selected foodborne bacterial and fungal strains. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(17), 6939-6946.
• The following essential oils and their constituents in order of effectiveness were active against pathogens in apple juice:  against E. coli: carvacrol, oregano oil, geraniol, eugenol, cinnamon leaf oil, citral, clove bud oil, lemongrass oil, cinnamon bark oil, and lemon oil, and against S. enterica:  melissa oil, carvacrol, oregano oil, terpeineol, geraniol, lemon oil, citral, lemongrass oil, cinnamon leaf oil, and linalool. From:  Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., Levin, C. E., & Mandrell, R. E. (2004). Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils and their components against Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella enterica in apple juice. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 52(19), 6042-6048
• Fifty-one essential oils were tested against multiple bacteria and yeast and cinnamon showed the strongest action.  From:  Hili, P., Evans, C. S., & Veness, R. G. (1997). Antimicrobial action of essential oils: the effect of dimethylsulphoxide on the activity of cinnamon oil. Letters in applied microbiology, 24(4), 269-275
• Sixty-five bacteria were tested against 13 essential oils.  Cinnamon bark, cinnamon leaf, oregano, thyme, ajowan, and clove showed strong antibacterial activity.  From:  Mayaud, L., Carricajo, A., Zhiri, A., & Aubert, G. (2008). Comparison of bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of 13 essential oils against strains with varying sensitivity to antibiotics. Letters in applied microbiology, 47(3), 167-173.
• Thirteen tested essential oils showed antimicrobial activity against tested organisms.  Cinnamon was more effective when not mixed with a solubilizer.  From:  Hili, P., Evans, C. S., & Veness, R. G. (1997). Antimicrobial action of essential oils: the effect of dimethylsulphoxide on the activity of cinnamon oil. Letters in applied microbiology, 24(4), 269-275.
• ​The antimicrobial activity of twenty-seven essential oils were tested, especially against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.   The S. aureus strains were highly susceptible to Piper nigrum (black pepper) and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree).  The following were effective against E. coli: Copaifera officinalis, Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon), and Syzygium aromaticum (clove). Clove was also strong against P. aeruginosa.  From:  Murbach Teles Andrade, B. F., Nunes Barbosa, L., da Silva Probst, I., & Fernandes Júnior, A. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 26(1), 34-40.
• This study explained the antibacterial action of cinnamon and its major component, trans-cinnamaldehyde.  From:  Meades, G., Henken, R. L., Waldrop, G. L., Rahman, M. M., Gilman, S. D., Kamatou, G. P., … & Gibbons, S. (2010). Constituents of cinnamon inhibit bacterial acetyl CoA carboxylase. Planta medica, 76(14), 1570-1575.
• Inhibition of 45 oils on eight bacteria (four Gram positive and four Gram negative), two fungi, and one yeast were examined using disk assay.  Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Melaleuca alternifolia showed an inhibition against all test organisms and phage. Coriandrum sativum highly inhibited Gram positive bacteria and fungi. Cymbopogon flexuosus and Chamaemelum nobile oils highly inhibited both phage types. Angelica archangelica and Pinus sylvestris inhibited bacteria, but not any fungi. Oils with the highest antimicrobial abilities with the broadest range of inhibition were cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), savory (Satureja montana), Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile), rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora), spearmint (Mentha spicata) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia).  From:  Chao, S. C., Young, D. G., & Oberg, C. J. (2000). Screening for inhibitory activity of essential oils on selected bacteria, fungi and viruses. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12(5), 639-649.
• Oregano, thyme, cinnamon bark, lemongrass, clove, palmarosa, peppermint, lavender, geranium Bourbon, and tea tree reduced fungus in heated footbath water.  From:  Inouye, S., Uchida, K., Nishiyama, Y., Hasumi, Y., Yamaguchi, H., & Abe, S. (2007). Combined effect of heat, essential oils and salt on the fungicidal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in foot bath. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, 48(1), 27-36.
• Palmarosa and cinnamon oils along with their phenolic compounds of thymol and carvacrol were the most fungitoxic against Cryptococcus neoformans common in late stage AIDS patients. Terpenoids, citral, geraniol, and citronellol also showed strong activity.  From:  Viollon, C., & Chaumont, J. P. (1994). Antifungal properties of essential oils and their main components uponCryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathologia, 128(3), 151-153.
• Cinnamon and clove essential oils were effective antifungal treatments against post harvest fungal diseases in bananas.  From:  Ranasinghe, L., Jayawardena, B., & Abeywickrama, K. (2002). Fungicidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.) and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr et LM Perry against crown rot and anthracnose pathogens isolated from banana. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 35(3), 208-211.
• Pimpinella anisum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Cinnamomum cassia Blume (bark), and Juniperus oxycedrus (seed) showed antimicrobial activity in vitro against 13 bacterial species.  From:  ATEŞ, D. A., & TURGAY, Ö. (2003). Antimicrobial activities of various medicinal and commercial plant extracts. Turkish Journal of Biology, 27(3), 157-162.
• Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Ocimum basilicum essential oils decreased the growth rate of S. aureus bacteria significantly.  From:  Azizkhani, M., & Parsaeimehr, M. (2015). Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Ocimum basilicum essential oils on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and gene expression of enterotoxins A, C and E. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 27(6), 506-513. 
• 26 plants were screened for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella infantis. B. cereus  was most affected by Azadirachta indica (neem), Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon), Rumex nervosus (buckwheat), Ruta graveolens (rue) Thymus serpyllum (thyme) and Zingiber officinale (ginger); E. coli and S. infantis were only inhibited by Cinnamomum cassia extracts.  From:  Alzoreky, N. S., & Nakahara, K. (2003). Antibacterial activity of extracts from some edible plants commonly consumed in Asia. International journal of food microbiology, 80(3), 223-230. 
• 12 essential oils were tested against Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. ochraceus and Fusarium moniliforme. The oils of thyme, cinnamon, marigold, spearmint, basil, and quyssum completely inhibit all the test fungi. Caraway, anise, chamomile and hazanbul showed antifungal activity against certain species.  From:  Soliman, K. M., & Badeaa, R. I. (2002). Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigenic fungi. Food and chemical toxicology, 40(11), 1669-1675. 
• Sixteen essential oils and forty-two pure constituents were tested against Candida albicans. Origanum vulgare, Satureja montana, Mentha piperita, Cinnamomum verum, and Cymbopogon flexuosus along with the  pure constituents (by family) of , β-phellandrene, carvacrol, 1-decanol, and trans-cynnamaldehyde.  From:  Tampieri, M. P., Galuppi, R., Macchioni, F., Carelle, M. S., Falcioni, L., Cioni, P. L., & Morelli, I. (2005). The inhibition of Candida albicans by selected essential oils and their major components. Mycopathologia, 159(3), 339-345.
• Cinnamon bark and clove bud oil were among the natural substances effective against oral bacteria.  From:  Saeki, Y., Ito, Y., Shibata, M., Sato, Y., Okuda, K., & Takazoe, I. (1989). Antimicrobial action of natural substances on oral bacteria. The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College, 30(3), 129-135.
• Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Origanum vulgare (oregano), Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) essential oils showed antifungal activity.  From:  Pozzatti, P., Scheid, L. A., Spader, T. B., Atayde, M. L., Santurio, J. M., & Alves, S. H. (2008). In vitro activity of essential oils extracted from plants used as spices against fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible Candida spp. Canadian journal of microbiology, 54(11), 950-956.
• The antifungal activity of Aniba rosaeodora (rosewood), Laurus nobilis (bay), Sassafras albidum (sassafras) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) essential oils were tested against 17 fungi.  From:  Simić, A., Soković, M. D., Ristić, M., Grujić‐Jovanović, S., Vukojević, J., & Marin, P. D. (2004). The chemical composition of some Lauraceae essential oils and their antifungal activities. Phytotherapy Research, 18(9), 713-717.
• Cinnamon, oregano, savory, thyme, clove, lemongrass, cajuput, and allspice showed antibacterial activity against meat spoilage bacteria.  From:  Oussalah, M., Caillet, S., Saucier, L., & Lacroix, M. (2006). Antimicrobial effects of selected plant essential oils on the growth of a Pseudomonas putida strain isolated from meat. Meat science, 73(2), 236-244.
• Allium tuberosum, Cinnamomum cassia, and Pogostemon cablin essential oils were antifungal against Aspergillus flavus.  From:  Kocevski, D., Du, M., Kan, J., Jing, C., Lačanin, I., & Pavlović, H. (2013). Antifungal effect of Allium tuberosum, Cinnamomum cassia, and Pogostemon cablin essential oils and their components against population of Aspergillus species. Journal of food science, 78(5), M731-M737.
• Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities were observed from cinnamon, geranium, cumin, thyme, basil and lemongrass essential oils against the following tobacco plant pathogens:  Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum destructivum, and Phytophthora parasiticasuperior.  From:  Lu, M., Han, Z., Xu, Y., & Yao, L. (2013). Effects of essential oils from Chinese indigenous aromatic plants on mycelial growth and morphogenesis of three phytopathogens. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 28(2), 84-92.
• Plant oils were tested against the fungi: A. fumigatus and A. nigermaximum.  Antimycotic activity was demonstrated by oils of lemongrass, eucalyptus and cinnamon. The oils of Mentha spicata, Azadirachta indica,  Eugenia  caryophyllata,  Withania  somnifera,  and Zingiber officinale exhibited moderate activity. Blends of oils showed more activity than single notes.  From:  Bansod, S., & Rai, M. (2008). Antifungal activity of essential oils from Indian medicinal plants against human pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus and A. niger. World Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(2), 81-88.
• Among 49 essential oils tested, palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini), red thyme (Thymus zygis), cinnamon leaf (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and clove buds (Eugenia caryophyllata) were the most antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea.  From:  Wilson, C. L., Solar, J. M., El Ghaouth, A., & Wisniewski, M. E. (1997). Rapid evaluation of plant extracts and essential oils for antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. Plant disease, 81(2), 204-210.
• C. osmophloeum leaf essential oil and cinnamaldehyde were effective against 9 tested bacteria and could be used for medical purposes and as anti-bacterial additives in paper products.  From:  Chang, S. T., Chen, P. F., & Chang, S. C. (2001). Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomum osmophloeum. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 77(1), 123-127.  
• Cinnamon, clove, and thyme oils inhibited the bacteria: Aeromonas hydrophila.  From:  Fabio, A., Corona, A., Forte, E., & Quaglio, P. (2003). Inhibitory activity of spices and essential oils on psychrotrophic bacteria. The new microbiologica, 26(1), 115-120.
• Antibacterial abilities of 96 essential oils and their constituents were assessed. Marigold, ginger, jasmine, patchouli, gardenia, cedarwood, carrot seed, celery seed, mugwort, spikenard, and orange bitter oils along with the constituents of cinnamaldehyde, estragole, carvacrol, benzaldehyde, citral, thymol, eugenol, perillaldehyde, carvone R, and geranyl acetate were strongest against C. jejuni.  Those most active against E. coli were oregano, thyme, cinnamon, palmarosa, bay leaf, clove bud, lemon grass, and allspice oils and the constituents: carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, eugenol, salicylaldehyde, geraniol, isoeugenol, citral, perillaldehyde, and estragole.  Those most active against L. monocytogenes were gardenia, cedarwood, bay leaf, clove bud, oregano, cinnamon, allspice, thyme, and patchouli and the constituents of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, citral, geraniol, perillaldehyde, carvone S, estragole, and salicylaldehyde.  Those most active against S. enterica were thyme, oregano, cinnamon, clove bud, allspice, bay leaf, palmarosa, and marjoram oils as well as thymol, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, eugenol, salicylaldehyde, geraniol, isoeugenol, terpineol, perillaldehyde, and estragole.  From:  Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., & Mandrell, R. E. (2002). Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. Journal of Food Protection®, 65(10), 1545-1560.
• L. angustifolia combined with Cinnamomum zeylanicum or Citrus sinensis was effective against C. albicans and S. aureus.  From: de Rapper, S., Kamatou, G., Viljoen, A., & van Vuuren, S. (2013). The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil in combination with other aroma-therapeutic oils. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
• Cinnamon, lemongrass, cedarwood, clove and eucalyptus oils exhibit antibacterial property against S. mutans.  From:  Chaudhari, L. K. D., Jawale, B. A., Sharma, S., Kumar, H. S. M., & Kulkarni, P. A. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of commercially available essential oils against Streptococcus mutans. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 13(1), 71-74.
• Fourteen essential oils were tested against multiple bacteria and cinnamon bark, lemongrass and thyme oils showed the lowest minimal inhibitory dose.  From:  Inouye, S., Takizawa, T., & Yamaguchi, H. (2001). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their major constituents against respiratory tract pathogens by gaseous contact. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 47(5), 565-573.
• Thyme, cinnamon, bay, clove, almond (bitter), lovage, pimento, marjoram, angelica and nutmeg, and geranium showed strong inhibitory action against multiple bacteria.  From:  Deans, S. G., & Ritchie, G. (1987). Antibacterial properties of plant essential oils. International journal of food microbiology, 5(2), 165-180.
• Out of 21 oils tested, cinnamon, clove, geranium, lemon, lime, orange and rosemary exhibited the strongest activity against the tested bacteria. From:  Prabuseenivasan, S., Jayakumar, M., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2006). In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 6(1), 1.
• Cinnamon exhibited antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella anatum).  From:  Shan, B., Cai, Y. Z., Brooks, J. D., & Corke, H. (2007). Antibacterial properties and major bioactive components of cinnamon stick (Cinnamomum burmannii): activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(14), 5484-5490.
• Cinnamon and its cinnamaldehyde constituent have antifungal properties.  From:  Wang, S. Y., Chen, P. F., & Chang, S. T. (2005). Antifungal activities of essential oils and their constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) leaves against wood decay fungi. Bioresource technology, 96(7), 813-818.
• Cinnamon oil was effective against the foodborne pathogen Bacillus cereus and can be an alternative to traditional food preservatives.  From: Valero, M., & Salmeron, M. C. (2003). Antibacterial activity of 11 essential oils against Bacillus cereus in tyndallized carrot broth. International journal of food microbiology, 85(1), 73-81.
• Films with allspice, cinnamon, or clove bud oils were active against 3 foodborne pathogens.   From:  Du, W. X., Olsen, C. W., Avena‐Bustillos, R. J., McHugh, T. H., Levin, C. E., & Friedman, M. (2009). Effects of allspice, cinnamon, and clove bud essential oils in edible apple films on physical properties and antimicrobial activities. Journal of Food Science, 74(7), M372-M378.
• Thyme, cinnamon, and rose essential oils exhibited the best antibacterial activities towards Propionibacterium acnes and thyme essential oil exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity towards three human cancer cells.  From:  Zu, Y., Yu, H., Liang, L., Fu, Y., Efferth, T., Liu, X., & Wu, N. (2010). Activities of ten essential oils towards Propionibacterium acnes and PC-3, A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Molecules, 15(5), 3200-3210.
• Cananga odorata, Boswellia thurifera, Cymbopogon citratus, Marjorana hortensis, Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Citrus limon exhibited considerable inhibitory effect against all the bacteria and fungi tested, and also demonstrated antioxidant activity comparable with α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene.  From:  Baratta, M. T., Dorman, H. J., Deans, S. G., Figueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G., & Ruberto, G. (1998). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of some commercial essential oils. Flavour and fragrance journal, 13(4), 235-244.
• Bay, cinnamon, grapefruit, lemongrass, thyme, clary sage, wintergreen, clove, allspice, and camphor essential oils showed varying degrees of inhibition against MRSA and MSSA bacterial samples from hospital patients. From:  Sharma, P. U. J. A., Mack, J. P., & Rojtman, A. (2013). Ten highly effective essential oils inhibit growth of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Int. J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 5(1), 52-54.
• Antimicrobial activities of lavender, thyme, peppermint, cajeput, cinnamon, clove, eucalyptus, sage, and tea tree were summarized.  From:  Wińska, K., Mączka, W., Łyczko, J., Grabarczyk, M., Czubaszek, A., & Szumny, A. (2019). Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents—Myth or Real Alternative?. Molecules, 24(11), 2130.
• Cinnamon, lemon, basil, thyme, geranium, and clove showed high antifungal activity against Candida ssp. in vitro.  From:  Szweda, P., Gucwa, K., Kurzyk, E., Romanowska, E., Dzierżanowska-Fangrat, K., Jurek, A. Z., … & Milewski, S. (2015). Essential oils, silver nanoparticles and propolis as alternative agents against fluconazole resistant Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida krusei clinical isolates. Indian journal of microbiology, 55(2), 175-183.
• Tested essential oils showed antifungal activity against tested fungi.  From:  Gucwa, K., Milewski, S., Dymerski, T., & Szweda, P. (2018). Investigation of the Antifungal Activity and Mode of Action of Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limonum, Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum cassia, Ocimum basilicum, and Eugenia caryophyllus Essential Oils. Molecules, 23(5), 1116.
• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.

• Cinnamaldehyde showed in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against influenza growth. From: Hayashi, K., Imanishi, N., Kashiwayama, Y., Kawano, A., Terasawa, K., Shimada, Y., & Ochiai, H. (2007). Inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde, derived from Cinnamomi cortex, on the growth of influenza A/PR/8 virus in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Research, 74(1), 1-8.

• Thirty essential oils were tested against pathogenic plant bacteria. Ceylon cinnamon (leaf and bark), oregano, clove bud, palmarosa, basil, peppermint, rosemary, blue gum, camphor, lemongrass, aniseed, ylang ylang, silver fir, lemon, dwarf mountain pine, bay laurel, scots pine, black cumin, Indian frankincense, bergamot orange, common juniper, bitter orange, and neem showed varying degrees of reaction. From: Popović, T., Milićević, Z., Oro, V., Kostić, I., Radović, V., Jelušić, A., & Krnjajić, S. (2018). A preliminary study of antibacterial activity of thirty essential oils against several important plant pathogenic bacteria. Pesticidi i fitomedicina, 33(3-4), 185-195.

• Lemongrass, palmarosa, cinnamon, and rosemary essential oils showed antimicrobial activity against antibiotic resistant organisms. From: Narayanasamy, K., Elangovan, E., Keerthi, D., Jagadeeswari, S., Krithiga, B., Padmanabhan, V., & Periyasamy, S. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of selected essential oils against antibiotic resistant organisms. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 5(3), 503-512.

• Essential oils from Anethum graveolens, Azadirachta indica, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and leaves of Pongamia pinnata were effective against eleven pathogenic bacteria, but none were effective against Shigella spp. From: Chaurasia, S. C., & Jain, P. C. (1978). Antibacterial activity of essential oils of four medicinal plants. Indian J. Hosp. Pharm., 15(6), 166-168.
• The following essential oils and blends showed antifungal action against Trichophyton interdigitale when applied to cotton: oregano, cinnamon, and the combination of origanum/clove/orange and clove/lavender/cinnamon. This may be useful in making footwear to prevent foot fungus. From:   Berechet, M. D., Chirilă, C., & Deselnicu, V. (2016). Antifungal Activity of Some Essential Oils on Cotton Fabrics. In International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems (ICAMS) (pp. 197-202). The National Research & Development Institute for Textiles and Leather-INCDTP.

• Ten minutes of exposure of vapors from essential oils Citrus bergamia, Eucalyptus globulus, and the constituents citronellol and eugenol were very active against the influenza virus. Vapors of Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cymbopogon flexuosus were very active with 30 minutes of exposure. Further, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus bergamia, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Thymus vulgaris liquid essential oils displayed 100% inhibitory activity at a 3.1 µL/mL concentration. From: Vimalanathan, S., & Hudson, J. (2014). Anti-influenza virus activity of essential oils and vapors. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 2(1), 47-53.

• Blends with Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus globulus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, and Origanum vulgare showed in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities against antibiotic resistant pathogens, candida strains, and both the H1N1 and HSV1 viruses. From: Brochot, A., Guilbot, A., Haddioui, L., & Roques, C. (2017). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects of three essential oil blends. MicrobiologyOpen, 6(4), e00459.

• A blend of cinnamon bark, clove bud, sweet orange, eucalyptus, and rosemary essential oils reduced flu virus activity in vitro. From: Wu, S., Patel, K. B., Booth, L. J., Metcalf, J. P., Lin, H. K., & Wu, W. (2010). Protective essential oil attenuates influenza virus infection: an in vitro study in MDCK cells. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 10(1), 69.

ANTIDIABETIC

• In a review of 18 randomized clinical trials, it was concluded that cinnamon can reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic patients, but less heterogeneous research studies are needed.  From:  Namazi, N., Khodamoradi, K., Khamechi, S. P., Heshmati, J., Ayati, M. H., & Larijani, B. (2019). The impact of Cinnamon on anthropometric indices and glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trial. Complementary therapies in medicine.
• In this triple-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial with 140 patients with type II diabetes, the group who took 500 mg of cinnamon bark powder taken twice daily for 3 months reduced body fat, insulin resistance, and cholesterol levels.  From:  Zare, R., Nadjarzadeh, A., Zarshenas, M. M., Shams, M., & Heydari, M. (2019). Efficacy of cinnamon in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2), 549-556.
• In a review of 10 randomized controlled trials, cinnamon taken over a period of 4-16 weeks reduced blood sugar and cholesterol levels.  From:  Allen, R. W., Schwartzman, E., Baker, W. L., Coleman, C. I., & Phung, O. J. (2013). Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Annals of Family Medicine, 11(5), 452-459.
• A total of 58 patients with type two diabetes received 2g of cinnamon a day for 12 weeks, which significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as blood glucose levels.  From:  Akilen, R., Tsiami, A., Devendra, D., & Robinson, N. (2010). Glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure‐lowering effect of cinnamon in multi‐ethnic Type 2 diabetic patients in the UK: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial. Diabetic Medicine, 27(10), 1159-1167.
• In a randomized double blind placebo controlled study of 66 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, cinnamon significantly reduced fasting insulin and insulin resistance.  From:  Hajimonfarednejad, M., Nimrouzi, M., Heydari, M., Zarshenas, M. M., Raee, M. J., & Jahromi, B. N. (2017). Insulin resistance improvement by cinnamon powder in polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized double‐blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research.
• A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial for a period of 4 months of 210 subjects with diabetes showed that cinnamon warrants further research.  From:  Ranasinghe, P., Galappaththy, P., Constantine, G. R., Jayawardena, R., Weeratunga, H. D., Premakumara, S., & Katulanda, P. (2017). Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) as a potential pharmaceutical agent for type-2 diabetes mellitus: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 18(1), 446.  
• In a study of 72 patients with type 2 diabetes that were not on insulin, 3g of cinnamon taken a day for 4 months reduced fasting plasma glucose levels.  From:  From:  Ponce-Macotela, M., Navarro-Alegria, I., Martinez-Gordillo, M. N., & Alvarez-Chacon, R. (1993). In vitro effect against Giardia of 14 plant extracts. Revista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion, 46(5), 343-347.
• In a randomized study of 137 Chinese patients, 250 mg cinnamon capsules taken twice a day for 2 months caused a reduction in glucose, insulin, and cholesterol levels.  From:  Anderson, R. A., Zhan, Z., Luo, R., Guo, X., Guo, Q., Zhou, J., … & Stoecker, B. J. (2016). Cinnamon extract lowers glucose, insulin and cholesterol in people with elevated serum glucose. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 6(4), 332-336.
• Cinnamon was the most bioactive for improving glucose and insulin metabolism followed by witch hazel, green and black teas, allspice, bay leaves, nutmeg, cloves, mushrooms, and brewer’s yeast.  Phenols were likely the active constituent of cinnamon, tea, witch hazel, cloves, bay, and all spice.  From:  Broadhurst, C. L., Polansky, M. M., & Anderson, R. A. (2000). Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medicinal plant aqueous extracts in vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(3), 849-852.
• Cinnamaldehyde has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in diabetic rats.  From:  Babu, P. S., Prabuseenivasan, S., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2007). Cinnamaldehyde—a potential antidiabetic agent. Phytomedicine, 14(1), 15-22.
• Cinnamon extract reduced blood glucose level and lipids.  From:  Kim, S. H., Hyun, S. H., & Choung, S. Y. (2006). Anti-diabetic effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose in db/db mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 104(1), 119-123.
• A decrease in blood glucose levels in rats was achieved with the cinnamon.  From:  Sathishkumar, M., Sneha, K., Won, S. W., Cho, C. W., Kim, S., & Yun, Y. S. (2009). Cinnamon zeylanicum bark extract and powder mediated green synthesis of nano-crystalline silver particles and its bactericidal activity. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 73(2), 332-338.
• Extracts of cloves, ground Jamaican allspice, and cinnamon showed the strong antidiabetic activity in vitro, likely due to phenolic content. Other potent herbs tested included sage, marjoram, tarragon, and rosemary. From:  Dearlove, R. P., Greenspan, P., Hartle, D. K., Swanson, R. B., & Hargrove, J. L. (2008). Inhibition of protein glycation by extracts of culinary herbs and spices. Journal of medicinal food, 11(2), 275-281.
• Different combinations of essential oils including fenugreek, cinnamon, cumin, and oregano, were studied for their ability to lower blood glucose levels.  From:  Talpur, N., Echard, B., Ingram, C., Bagchi, D., & Preuss, H. (2005). Effects of a novel formulation of essential oils on glucose–insulin metabolism in diabetic and hypertensive rats: a pilot study. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 7(2), 193-199.
• Cinnamaldehyde showed an antidiabetic effect in rats.  From:  Anand, P., Murali, K. Y., Tandon, V., Murthy, P. S., & Chandra, R. (2010). Insulinotropic effect of cinnamaldehyde on transcriptional regulation of pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and GLUT4 translocation in experimental diabetic rats. Chemico-biological interactions, 186(1), 72-81.
• Cinnamic acid from cinnamon demonstrated in vitro increased glucose tolerance and stimulated insulin secretion. From:  Hafizur, R. M., Hameed, A., Shukrana, M., Raza, S. A., Chishti, S., Kabir, N., & Siddiqui, R. A. (2015). Cinnamic acid exerts anti-diabetic activity by improving glucose tolerance in vivo and by stimulating insulin secretion in vitro. Phytomedicine, 22(2), 297-300.

CHOLESTEROL

• In a randomized study of 137 Chinese patients, 250 mg cinnamon capsules taken twice a day for 2 months caused a reduction in glucose, inslulin, and cholesterol levels.  From:  Anderson, R. A., Zhan, Z., Luo, R., Guo, X., Guo, Q., Zhou, J., … & Stoecker, B. J. (2016). Cinnamon extract lowers glucose, insulin and cholesterol in people with elevated serum glucose. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 6(4), 332-336.
• In a review of 10 randomized controlled trials, cinnamon taken over a period of 4-16 weeks reduced blood sugar and cholesterol levels.  From:  Allen, R. W., Schwartzman, E., Baker, W. L., Coleman, C. I., & Phung, O. J. (2013). Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Annals of Family Medicine, 11(5), 452-459.
• In this triple-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial with 140 patients with type II diabetes, the group who took 500 mg of cinnamon bark powder taken twice daily for 3 months reduced body fat, insulin resistance, and cholesterol levels.  From:  Zare, R., Nadjarzadeh, A., Zarshenas, M. M., Shams, M., & Heydari, M. (2019). Efficacy of cinnamon in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2), 549-556.
• A total of 13 randomized trials with 750 patients showed cinnamon significantly reduced blood triglycerides and total cholesterol concentrations without a significant effect on LDL and HDL cholesterol.  From:  Maierean, S. M., Serban, M. C., Sahebkar, A., Ursoniu, S., Serban, A., Penson, P., & Banach, M. (2017). The effects of cinnamon supplementation on blood lipid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of clinical lipidology, 11(6), 1393-1406.
• In a double blind randomized study with 84 overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome, taking a 1500 mg of cinnamon daily for 8 weeks improved antioxidant, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, all risk factors in the disease.  From:  Borzoei, A., Rafraf, M., Niromanesh, S., Farzadi, L., Narimani, F., & Doostan, F. (2018). Effects of cinnamon supplementation on antioxidant status and serum lipids in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 8(1), 128-133.

​​CARDIAC HEALTH

• A total of 58 patients with type two diabetes received 2g of cinnamon a day for 12 weeks, which significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as blood glucose levels.  From:  Akilen, R., Tsiami, A., Devendra, D., & Robinson, N. (2010). Glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure‐lowering effect of cinnamon in multi‐ethnic Type 2 diabetic patients in the UK: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial. Diabetic Medicine, 27(10), 1159-1167.
• Cinnamic acid showed anti-obesity and antihypertensive activity in vivo.  From:  Mnafgui, K., Derbali, A., Sayadi, S., Gharsallah, N., Elfeki, A., & Allouche, N. (2015). Anti-obesity and cardioprotective effects of cinnamic acid in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Journal of food science and technology, 52(7), 4369-4377.
• In this triple-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial with 140 patients with type II diabetes, the group who took 500 mg of cinnamon bark powder taken twice daily for 3 months reduced body fat, insulin resistance, and cholesterol levels.  From:  Zare, R., Nadjarzadeh, A., Zarshenas, M. M., Shams, M., & Heydari, M. (2019). Efficacy of cinnamon in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2), 549-556.
•  

INSECTICIDAL / REPELLENT / LARVICIDAL / PESTICIDAL

• Against three mosquito species, Juniperus macropoda (juniper) and Pimpinella anisum (anise) were highly effective as both larvicidal and ovicidal. Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) were found to be ovicidal and repellent. Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) resulted into highest repellent values.  From:  Prajapati, V., Tripathi, A. K., Aggarwal, K. K., & Khanuja, S. P. S. (2005). Insecticidal, repellent and oviposition-deterrent activity of selected essential oils against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Bioresource Technology, 96(16), 1749-1757.
• Cinnamomum cassia Blume bark and cinnamaldehyde were effective against Aedes aegypti.  From:  Chang, K. S., Tak, J. H., Kim, S. I., Lee, W. J., & Ahn, Y. J. (2006). Repellency of Cinnamomum cassia bark compounds and cream containing cassia oil to Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and indoor conditions. Pest management science, 62(11), 1032-1038.
• Against the red mite, the following oils were acaricidal:  bay, cade, cinnamon, clove bud, coriander, horseradish, lime, mustard, pennyroyal, pimento berry, spearmint, thyme red and thyme white oils.  From:  Kim, S. I., Yi, J. H., Tak, J. H., & Ahn, Y. J. (2004). Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Veterinary parasitology, 120(4), 297-304.
• Essential oils from Cymbopogan citrates (lemongrass), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), and Zingiber officinale (ginger) showed promising larvicidal and repellent agent against the mosquitos: C. tritaeniorhynchus and A. subpictus.  From:  Govindarajan, M. (2011). Larvicidal and repellent properties of some essential oils against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 4(2), 106-111.
• The study showed the following as possible termite fumigants: Melaleuca dissitiflora, Melaleuca uncinata, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus polybractea, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus globulus, Orixa japonica, Cinnamomum cassia, Allium cepa, Illicium verum, Evodia officinalis, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Cacalia roborowskii, Juniperus chinensis var. horizontalis, Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka, clove bud, and garlic as well as the constituents of Diallyl trisulfide was the most toxic, followed by diallyl disulfide, eugenol, diallyl sulfide, and β-caryophyllene.  From: Park, I. K., & Shin, S. C. (2005). Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and clove bud (Eugenia caryophyllata) oils against the Japanese termite (Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(11), 4388-4392.
• Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol had an antibacterial effects against Paenibacillus larvae, a pest that affects honeybees.  From:  Gende, Liesel Brenda, et al. “Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil and its main components against Paenibacillus larvae from Argentine.” Bulletin of insectology 61.1 (2008): 1.
• Field trials indicate that an aqueous cream containing 15% of the leaf oils of Litsea elliptica, Cinnamomum mollissimum, and Cymbopogon nardus provided 96.6% protection against mosquito bites  From:  Jantan, I., & Zaki, Z. M. (1998). Development of environment-friendly insect repellents from the leaf oils of selected Malaysian plants. ASEAN Rev Biodivers Environ Conserv, 1-7.
• The following essential oils were tested against a mosquito and a housefly species: peppermint (M. piperita), spearmint (M. spicata), basil (O. basilicum), helichrysum (H. italicum), yarrow (A. ligustica), geranium (P. odoratissimum), cinnamon (C. verum) and verbenea (L. alba). Helichrysum and cinnamon showed the highest insecticidal and larvicidal activities. From: Benelli, G., Pavela, R., Giordani, C., Casettari, L., Curzi, G., Cappellacci, L., … & Maggi, F. (2018). Acute and sub-lethal toxicity of eight essential oils of commercial interest against the filariasis mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and the housefly Musca domestica. Industrial crops and products, 112, 668-680.

ANTI-ALLERGY

• A blend including extracts of cinnamon, patchouli, and clove was effective against house dust mites.  From:  Wu, H. Q., Li, J., He, Z. D., & Liu, Z. G. (2010). Acaricidal activities of traditional Chinese medicine against the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae. Parasitology, 137(6), 975-983.

HEPATOPROTECTIVE

• In a study with 20 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a mixture of mixture of Cynara cardunculus var scolymus, Cinnamomum zeylanicum taken for 30 days improved liver function.  From:  Poor, R. Y., Abdollahi, M., Malekirad, A. A., Movahednia, E., Mostafalou, S., & Asl, Z. S. (2019). Effects of the Mixture of‎ Cynara cardunculus var scolymus and Cinnamomum zeylanicum on Hepatic Enzymes Activity and Lipid Profiles in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 1-5.

STIMULANT

• In a double blind randomized clinical trial with 60 patients, daily intake of a blend of cinnamon, ajwain and Iranian borago taken for 3 months reduced symptoms of fatigue.  From:  Namjooyan, F., Ghanavati, R., & Majdinasab, N. (2019). The efficacy of traditional formulation on quality of life and fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-control clinical trial. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, 5(2).
• In a double blind randomized study with 52 multiple sclerosis patients, taking a blend of Crocus sativus, Hypericum perforatum, Cinnamon verum, and Vitis vinifera for four weeks significantly improved sleep quality and reduced fatigue.  From:  Adalat, M., Khalili, M., Ayromlou, H., Haririan, S., Rezaeizadeh, H., Safari, A. A., & Zargaran, A. (2018). Anti-Fatigue and Hypnotic Effects of a Traditional Herbal Extract on Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A double blind randomized clinical trial. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine, 16(8).

ANTI-CANCER

• The anticancer effect of cinnamaldehyde was studied related to apoptosis in human leukemia cells.  From:  Ka, H., Park, H. J., Jung, H. J., Choi, J. W., Cho, K. S., Ha, J., & Lee, K. T. (2003). Cinnamaldehyde induces apoptosis by ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Cancer letters, 196(2), 143-152.
• The study showed antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic properties of the essential oil of cinnamon bark.  From:  Unlu, M., Ergene, E., Unlu, G. V., Zeytinoglu, H. S., & Vural, N. (2010). Composition, antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of essential oil from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(11), 3274-3280.
• The anti-oxidative potential of cinnamon and cardamom have been shown to enhance the level of detoxifying enzyme and decrease lipid peroxidation levels. From:  Bhattacharjee, S., Rana, T., & Sengupta, A. (2007). Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and enhancement of GST activity by cardamom and cinnamon during chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 8(4), 578-582.
• Cinnamon provided cancer cell growth inhibition of human cervical cancer cells.  From:  Koppikar, S. J., Choudhari, A. S., Suryavanshi, S. A., Kumari, S., Chattopadhyay, S., & Kaul-Ghanekar, R. (2010). Aqueous cinnamon extract (ACE-c) from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia causes apoptosis in human cervical cancer cell line (SiHa) through loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. BMC cancer, 10(1), 1.
• Cinnamon causes an apoptosis induced anti-tumor effect on cancer cells. From:  Kwon, H. K., Hwang, J. S., So, J. S., Lee, C. G., Sahoo, A., Ryu, J. H., … & Park, Z. Y. (2010). Cinnamon extract induces tumor cell death through inhibition of NFκB and AP1. BMC cancer, 10(1), 392.
• Cuminaldehyde, a constituent of Cinnamomum verum, was effective against human lung adenocarcinoma and also showed an anticancer effect against human lung squamous cell carcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma.  From:  Chen, T. W., Tsai, K. D., Yang, S. M., Wong, H. Y., Liu, Y. H., Cherng, J., … & Cherng, J. M. (2016). Discovery of a Novel Anti-Cancer Agent Targeting Both Topoisomerase I & II as well as Telomerase Activities in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells In Vitro and In Vivo: Cinnamomum verum Component Cuminaldehyde. Current cancer drug targets.
• Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts showed activity against breast cancer cells in vitro.  From:  Husain, I., Ahmad, R., Chandra, A., Raza, S. T., Shukla, Y., & Mahdi, F. (2018). Phytochemical characterization and biological activity evaluation of ethanolic extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 219, 110-116.
• Thyme, cinnamon, and rose essential oils exhibited the best antibacterial activities towards Propionibacterium acnes and thyme essential oil exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity towards three human cancer cells.  From:  Zu, Y., Yu, H., Liang, L., Fu, Y., Efferth, T., Liu, X., & Wu, N. (2010). Activities of ten essential oils towards Propionibacterium acnes and PC-3, A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Molecules, 15(5), 3200-3210.

ATHLETE’S FOOT

• Oregano, thyme, cinnamon bark, lemongrass, clove, palmarosa, peppermint, lavender, geranium Bourbon, and tea tree reduced fungus in heated footbath water.  From:  Inouye, S., Uchida, K., Nishiyama, Y., Hasumi, Y., Yamaguchi, H., & Abe, S. (2007). Combined effect of heat, essential oils and salt on the fungicidal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in foot bath. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, 48(1), 27-36.
• The following essential oils and blends showed antifungal action against Trichophyton interdigitale when applied to cotton: oregano, cinnamon, and the combination of origanum/clove/orange and clove/lavender/cinnamon. This may be useful in making footwear to prevent foot fungus. From:   Berechet, M. D., Chirilă, C., & Deselnicu, V. (2016). Antifungal Activity of Some Essential Oils on Cotton Fabrics. In International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems (ICAMS) (pp. 197-202). The National Research & Development Institute for Textiles and Leather-INCDTP.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

• In a review of 6 human studies including 285 patients, intake of cinnamon improved levels of inflammation biomarkers. Further studies are needed.  From: Vallianou, N., Tsang, C., Taghizadeh, M., Davoodvandi, A., & Jafarnejad, S. (2018). Effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum) supplementation on serum C-reactive protein concentrations: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Complementary therapies in medicine.
• Nuclear factor is a transcription factor regulating the expression of inflammatory and immune genes. Cinnamomum cassia was discovered to have an inhibitory effect on nuclear factor transcriptional activity.  From:  Reddy, A. M., Seo, J. H., Ryu, S. Y., Kim, Y. S., Kim, Y. S., Min, K. R., & Kim, Y. (2004). Cinnamaldehyde and 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde as NF-κB inhibitors from Cinnamomum cassia. Planta medica, 70(09), 823-827.
• Cinnamon essential oil and its constituent:  trans-cinnamaldehyde, caryophyllene oxide, l-borneol, l-bornyl acetate, eugenol, β-caryophyllene, E-nerolidol, and cinnamyl acetate demonstrated anti-inflammation in vitro.  From: Tung, Y. T., Chua, M. T., Wang, S. Y., & Chang, S. T. (2008). Anti-inflammation activities of essential oil and its constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) twigs. Bioresource Technology, 99(9), 3908-3913.
• Mentha piperita, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Apium graveolens, Eucalyptus camaldulentis, and Ruta graveolens possessed an anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in rodents.   From:  Atta, A. H., & Alkofahi, A. (1998). Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of some Jordanian medicinal plant extracts. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 60(2), 117-124.

RESPIRATORY HEALTH

• Cinnamon bark oil and cinnamic aldehyde were an effective inhalable vapour for treating fungi involved in respiratory tract mycoses: Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. flavus, Candida albicans, C. tropicalls, C. pseudotropicalis, and Histoplasma capsulatum.  From:  Singh, H. B., Srivastava, M., Singh, A. B., & Srivastava, A. K. (1995). Cinnamon bark oil, a potent fungitoxicant against fungi causing respiratory tract mycoses. Allergy, 50(12), 995-999.
• Cinnamon and eucalyptus oils showed antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens.  From:  Fani, M. M., & Kohanteb, J. (2019). Inhibitory activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and eucalyptus globulus oils on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida species isolated from patients with oral infections. Journal of Dentistry, 11(Supplement Winter 2011), 14-22.

DIGESTIVE HEALTH

• Cinnamon, clove, oregano, and thyme at the right dose can reduce E. coli with minimal intestine cell cytotoxicity.  From:  Dušan, F., Marián, S., Katarína, D., & Dobroslava, B. (2006). Essential oils—their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and effect on intestinal cell viability. Toxicology in vitro, 20(8), 1435-1445.

FEMALE HEALTH

• in a study 0f 32 Korean high school girls, a massage with clary sage, marjoram, cinnamon, ginger, and geranium in a base of almond oil helped reduce menstrual pains.  From:  Hur, M. H., Lee, M. S., Seong, K. Y., & Lee, M. K. (2012). Aromatherapy massage on the abdomen for alleviating menstrual pain in high school girls: a preliminary controlled clinical study. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2012.
• In a randomized, double blind, clinical trial, participants with dysmenorrhea received 1,000 mg of cinnamon in a capsule 72 hours before menstruation for two menstrual cycyles.  Results showed cinnamon intake helped reduce pain.  From:  Jahangirifar, M., Taebi, M., & Dolatian, M. (2018). The effect of Cinnamon on primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 33, 56-60.
• This articles reviews research on herbs for treating menstrual pain. Herbs included: ginger, German chamomile, mint, valerian, cramp bark, black haw, fennel, lemon balm, cumin, and cinnamon. From: Rajabzadeh, F., Fazljou, S. M., Khodaie, L., Abbasalizadeh, S., & Sahebi, L. (2018). Effects of hot temperament herbs on primary Dysmenorrhea: a systematic review. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine, 7(10), 257.
• A variety of 31 essential oils were tested against over 600 vaginal organisms with Spanish oregano, ceylon cinnamon, Chinese cinnamon, thyme, savory, creeping thyme and turpentine resin showing the strongest activity.  From:  Arnal-Schnebelen, B., Hadji-Minaglou, F., Peroteau, J. F., Ribeyre, F., & De Billerbeck, V. G. (2004). Essential oils in infectious gynaecological disease: a statistical study of 658 cases. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 14(4), 192-197.
• In a double blind randomized study with 84 overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome, taking a 1500 mg of cinnamon daily for 8 weeks improved antioxidant, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, all risk factors in the disease.  From:  Borzoei, A., Rafraf, M., Niromanesh, S., Farzadi, L., Narimani, F., & Doostan, F. (2018). Effects of cinnamon supplementation on antioxidant status and serum lipids in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 8(1), 128-133.

PRESERVATIVE

• Cinnamon was the most effective essential oil against the foodborne pathogen Bacillus cereus. From:  Valero, M., & Salmeron, M. C. (2003). Antibacterial activity of 11 essential oils against Bacillus cereus in tyndallized carrot broth. International journal of food microbiology, 85(1), 73-81.
• Essential oils of cilantro, coriander, cinnamon, oregano, rosemary, sage, clove, thyme, lemongrass, turmeric, mint, basil, and constituents of linalool, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, thymol, terpinene, cymene, alpha/beta pinene, bornyl acetate, camphor, 1,8-cineole, alpha terpeneol, geraniol, perrilaldehyde, and eugenol have demonstrated food preserving potential.  From:  Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International journal of food microbiology, 94(3), 223-253.
• Films with allspice, cinnamon, or clove bud oils were active against 3 foodborne pathogens.   From:  Du, W. X., Olsen, C. W., Avena‐Bustillos, R. J., McHugh, T. H., Levin, C. E., & Friedman, M. (2009). Effects of allspice, cinnamon, and clove bud essential oils in edible apple films on physical properties and antimicrobial activities. Journal of Food Science, 74(7), M372-M378.
• Against meat bacteria in food: thyme, garlic and cinnamon showed the most antimicrobial activity.  From:  García-Díez, J., Alheiro, J., Falco, V., Fraqueza, M. J., & Patarata, L. (2016). Chemical characterization and antimicrobial properties of herbs and spices essential oils against pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated to dry-cured meat products. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1-9.
• Essential oils of cinnamon, peppermint, basil, origanum, clove, and thyme caused a total inhibition of fungal development on maize kernels without a phytotoxic effect.  From: Montes-Belmont, R., & Carvajal, M. (1998). Control of Aspergillus flavus in maize with plant essential oils and their components. Journal of Food Protection®, 61(5), 616-619.
• Cinnamon and clove essential oils were effective antifungal treatments against post harvest fungal diseases in bananas.  From:  Ranasinghe, L., Jayawardena, B., & Abeywickrama, K. (2002). Fungicidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.) and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr et LM Perry against crown rot and anthracnose pathogens isolated from banana. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 35(3), 208-211.
• Cinnamon, oregano, savory, thyme, clove, lemongrass, cajuput, and allspice showed antibacterial activity against meat spoilage bacteria.  From:  Oussalah, M., Caillet, S., Saucier, L., & Lacroix, M. (2006). Antimicrobial effects of selected plant essential oils on the growth of a Pseudomonas putida strain isolated from meat. Meat science, 73(2), 236-244.
• Cinnamon exhibited antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella anatum).  From:  Shan, B., Cai, Y. Z., Brooks, J. D., & Corke, H. (2007). Antibacterial properties and major bioactive components of cinnamon stick (Cinnamomum burmannii): activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(14), 5484-5490.

ANTIOXIDANT

• A highly positive linear relationship between antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content exists with major types of phenolic constituents from spice extracts being phenolic acids, phenolic diterpenes, flavonoids, and volatile oils. Rosmarinic acid was the dominant phenolic compound and the spices and related families with the highest antioxidant capacity were clove in the Myrtaceae, cinnamon in the Lauraceae, and oregano in the Labiatae.  From:  Shan, B., Cai, Y. Z., Sun, M., & Corke, H. (2005). Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(20), 7749-7759.
• Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume showed antioxidant potential.  From:  Jayaprakasha, G. K., Jagan Mohan Rao, L., & Sakariah, K. K. (2003). Volatile constituents from Cinnamomum zeylanicum fruit stalks and their antioxidant activities. Journal of Agricultural and food chemistry, 51(15), 4344-4348.
• Of 25 essential oils tested, thyme and clove showed the highest antioxidant activity; indicated were their thymol and eugenol components.  Cinnamon, basil, bergamot, eucalyptus, chamomile, bitter orange, and aloe vera were also effective.  From:  Wei, A., & Shibamoto, T. (2010). Antioxidant/lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and chemical compositions of selected essential oils. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 58(12), 7218-7225
• The following dried herbs tested contained high amounts of antioxidant content:  oregano, sage, peppermint, thyme, lemon balm, clove, allspice, cinnamon, and a few additional Chinese medicinal herbs.   From:  Dragland, S., Senoo, H., Wake, K., Holte, K., & Blomhoff, R. (2003). Several culinary and medicinal herbs are important sources of dietary antioxidants. The Journal of nutrition, 133(5), 1286-1290.
• In a double blind randomized study with 84 overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome, taking a 1500 mg of cinnamon daily for 8 weeks improved antioxidant, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, all risk factors in the disease.  From:  Borzoei, A., Rafraf, M., Niromanesh, S., Farzadi, L., Narimani, F., & Doostan, F. (2018). Effects of cinnamon supplementation on antioxidant status and serum lipids in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 8(1), 128-133.
• Cananga odorata, Boswellia thurifera, Cymbopogon citratus, Marjorana hortensis, Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Citrus limon exhibited considerable inhibitory effect against all the bacteria and fungi tested, and also demonstrated antioxidant activity comparable with α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene.  From:  Baratta, M. T., Dorman, H. J., Deans, S. G., Figueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G., & Ruberto, G. (1998). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of some commercial essential oils. Flavour and fragrance journal, 13(4), 235-244.

ORAL HEALTH

• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.
• Cinnamon bark and clove bud oil were among the natural substances effective against oral bacteria.  From:  Saeki, Y., Ito, Y., Shibata, M., Sato, Y., Okuda, K., & Takazoe, I. (1989). Antimicrobial action of natural substances on oral bacteria. The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College, 30(3), 129-135.
• Cinnamon and eucalyptus oils showed antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens.  From:  Fani, M. M., & Kohanteb, J. (2019). Inhibitory activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and eucalyptus globulus oils on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida species isolated from patients with oral infections. Journal of Dentistry, 11(Supplement Winter 2011), 14-22.
• Cinnamon bark essential oil and its cinnamaldehyde constituent were antibacterial agains the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivitis.   From: Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Shi, Y. Q., Pan, X. H., Lu, Y. H., & Cao, P. (2018). Antibacterial effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark essential oil on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microbial pathogenesis, 116, 26-32.
• Cinnamon essential oil reduced oral candida in vitro.  From:  Rangel, M. D. L., Aquino, S. G. D., Lima, J. M. D., Castellano, L. R., & Castro, R. D. D. (2018). In vitro effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume essential oil on Candida spp. involved in oral infections. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018.
•  

ARTHRITIS

• In a study of 36 women with rheumatoid arthritis, the group who consumed 500 mg of cinnamon for 8 weeks showed reduced inflammatory biomarkers and swelling in their joints. From:  Shishehbor, F., Rezaeyan Safar, M., Rajaei, E., & Haghighizadeh, M. H. (2018). Cinnamon consumption improves clinical symptoms and inflammatory markers in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 37(8), 685-690.
• This is a review of the use of cinnamon to treat arthritis.  From:  Miraghajani, M., & Ghiasvand, R. (2019). Cinnamon and Arthritic Care. In Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases (pp. 253-260). Academic Press.

ACNE

• Thyme, cinnamon, and rose essential oils exhibited the best antibacterial activities towards Propionibacterium acnes and thyme essential oil exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity towards three human cancer cells.  From:  Zu, Y., Yu, H., Liang, L., Fu, Y., Efferth, T., Liu, X., & Wu, N. (2010). Activities of ten essential oils towards Propionibacterium acnes and PC-3, A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Molecules, 15(5), 3200-3210.
• In this review of research, different essential oil blends were found in studies to by synergistically effective against the acne pathogens Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Blends that included manuka, vetiver, patchouli, cinnamon, and sandalwood were mentioned. From: Orchard, A., Van Vuuren, S. F., Viljoen, A. M., & Kamatou, G. (2018). The in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of commercial essential oils and their combinations against acne. International journal of cosmetic science, 40(3), 226-243.

BODY WEIGHT

• In a review of research, including 12 trials with 786 patients, showed that cinnamon intake significantly reduced body weight.  From:  Mousavi, S. M., Rahmani, J., Kord-Varkaneh, H., Sheikhi, A., Larijani, B., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2019). Cinnamon supplementation positively affects obesity: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition.
• In this triple-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial with 140 patients with type II diabetes, the group who took 500 mg of cinnamon bark powder taken twice daily for 3 months reduced body fat, insulin resistance, and cholesterol levels.  From:  Zare, R., Nadjarzadeh, A., Zarshenas, M. M., Shams, M., & Heydari, M. (2019). Efficacy of cinnamon in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2), 549-556.

GREEN GARDENING

• Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities were observed from cinnamon, geranium, cumin, thyme, basil and lemongrass essential oils against the following tobacco plant pathogens:  Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum destructivum, and Phytophthora parasiticasuperior.  From:  Lu, M., Han, Z., Xu, Y., & Yao, L. (2013). Effects of essential oils from Chinese indigenous aromatic plants on mycelial growth and morphogenesis of three phytopathogens. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 28(2), 84-92.

• Thirty essential oils were tested against pathogenic plant bacteria. Ceylon cinnamon (leaf and bark), oregano, clove bud, palmarosa, basil, peppermint, rosemary, blue gum, camphor, lemongrass, aniseed, ylang ylang, silver fir, lemon, dwarf mountain pine, bay laurel, scots pine, black cumin, Indian frankincense, bergamot orange, common juniper, bitter orange, and neem showed varying degrees of reaction.  From: Popović, T., Milićević, Z., Oro, V., Kostić, I., Radović, V., Jelušić, A., & Krnjajić, S. (2018). A preliminary study of antibacterial activity of thirty essential oils against several important plant pathogenic bacteria. Pesticidi i fitomedicina, 33(3-4), 185-195.

NEUROPROTECTIVE

• Studies demonstrating the neuroprotective activities of cinnamon are reviewed.  From:  Kaur, R., & Shri, R. (2018). Role of the Genus Cinnamomum in the Management of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Outcomes and Shortcomings. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 80(6), 984-995.

By: Kathy Sadowski

Updated: 2/18/2020