Common Cold / Cough & Congestion / Respiratory

The common cold is associated with a nasal congestion, cough, and a sore throat.  There may also be a mild fever.  It can be caused by one of more than 200 different viruses.  It runs its coarse in about one to two weeks.

Various herbs can help reduce cough and congestion.  An expectorant loosens mucous, and a decongestant relieves mucous in the nasal area​.

Here are a few things to do if you feel the onset of the common cold:

• Get plenty of rest.
• Prop head up higher while sleeping if congested.
• Drink plenty of water.  Avoid alcohol and caffeine.
• Run a humidifier, especially while sleeping, if your house is dry.
• Take a long hot steamy shower.
• Eat healthy – go for the chicken soup!
• Blow your nose often to reduce mucous further down your respiratory tract.
• Gargle salt water.
• Drink hot tea with honey and lemon.
• Gently massage congested sinuses.
• Use a neti pot.
• Vitamin C, D, and Zinc

Demulcent

Demulcent herbs soothe mucous membranes of the respiratory and digestive tract and include aloe, slippery elm, licorice root, and marshmallow.

Recipes to Help with the Common Cold

10 Herbs to Good Health Soup Recipe

Boneset & Rosemary Immunity Syrup Recipe

Camphor Chest Rub Recipe

Candied Ginger Recipe

Common Cold Kicker Syrup Recipe

Easy Peppermint Tea Recipe

Easy Thyme Tea Recipe

Elderberry Cold & Flu Syrup Recipe

Fight Mucus with Mucus?

Garlic Cough & Cold Syrup Recipe

Ginger Garlic Cold Busting Syrup

Herbal Mucolytic Syrup Recipe

Honey Thyme Cough Syrup

Juniper Berry Tea Recipe

Licorice and Honey Cough Drops

Oregano Stuffy Nose Tea

There are Many Benefits of Yarrow

Blog Articles

Fight Mucus with Mucus?

There are Many Benefits of Yarrow

RESEARCH

The listings of research below represents a compilation of scientific articles found on the topic, with a very brief overview description of each article/study.  This compilation of research articles does not necessarily imply that there are adequate results to demonstrate safe and/or effective human use of any herb listed.

GENERAL

• The spasmolytic effects of essential oils is reviewed. From: Heghes, S. C., Vostinaru, O., Rus, L. M., Mogosan, C., Iuga, C. A., & Filip, L. (2019). Antispasmodic effect of essential oils and their constituents: A review. Molecules, 24(9), 1675.

ACACIA

• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.

AJOWAN CARAWAY

• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.

ALOE

• Inhalation of a blend of aloe, coconut, orange, peppermint and vitamin E. reduced inflammation associated with oxidant stress-related challenge to the nasal mucosa.  From:  Gao, M., Singh, A., Macri, K., Reynolds, C., Singhal, V., Biswal, S., & Spannhake, E. W. (2011). Antioxidant components of naturally-occurring oils exhibit marked anti-inflammatory activity in epithelial cells of the human upper respiratory system. Respiratory research, 12(1), 1.

ANGELICA

• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.

ANISE / ANETHOLE

• Essential oil components were investigated to decrease harm caused by air pollution. The tested components, trans-anethole, estragole, eugenol and isoeugenol decreased the inflammatory response. From: Kfoury, M., Borgie, M., Verdin, A., Ledoux, F., Courcot, D., Auezova, L., & Fourmentin, S. (2016). Essential oil components decrease pulmonary and hepatic cells inflammation induced by air pollution particulate matter. Environmental chemistry letters, 14(3), 345-351.
• There was a relaxant effect of Pimpinella anisum on isolated guinea pig tracheal due to inhibitory effects on muscarinic receptors, demonstrating its potential as a smooth muscle relaxant.  From:  Boskabady, M. H., & Ramazani-Assari, M. (2001). Relaxant effect of Pimpinella anisum on isolated guinea pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism (s). Journal of ethnopharmacology, 74(1), 83-88.

ASTRAGALUS

• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.

BONESET

• In a clinical trial of 53 outpatients, Eupatorium perfoliatum (boneset) was as effective as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in treating the common cold.  From:  Gassinger, C. A., Wünstel, G., & Netter, P. (1980). A controlled clinical trial for testing the efficacy of the homeopathic drug eupatorium perfoliatum D2 in the treatment of common cold (author’s transl). Arzneimittel-Forschung, 31(4), 732-736.
• A German drug called Contramutan, containing Atropa belladonna, Echinacea angustifolia (deadly nightshade), Aconitum napellus (monks hood), and Eupatorium perfoliatum (boneset) was tested in a non-controlled study of 4,443 patients with differing ages, and showed to be safe, with a reduction in common cold and upper respiratory symptoms after three days.  From:  Tradler, N., & Eckert, M. (2001). Therapie von fieberhaften grippalen Infekten und Entzündungen der oberen Luftwege mit Contramutan: Eine Anwendungsbeobachtung mit 4.443 Patienten (Poster). In Symposium “Phytopharmaka VII–Forschung und klinische Anwendung (Vol. 23).

BURDOCK

• A fructofuranan of burdock root was antitussive in cats. From:  Kardošová, A., Ebringerova, A., Alföldi, J., Nosál’ová, G., Fraňová, S., & Hřı́balová, V. (2003). A biologically active fructan from the roots of Arctium lappa L., var. Herkules. International journal of biological macromolecules, 33(1), 135-140.

CAJUPUT

• Olbas oil, a blend of peppermint, eucalyptus, and cajuput oil, along with a small amount of juniper berry and wintergreen showed strong antimicrobial activity in vitro that may be effective against various skin or respiratory infections.  From:  Hamoud, R., Sporer, F., Reichling, J., & Wink, M. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of a traditionally used complex essential oil distillate (Olbas® Tropfen) in comparison to its individual essential oil ingredients. Phytomedicine, 19(11), 969-976.

CAMPHOR

• Inhalation of eucalyptus, camphor, and menthol improved airway and breathing of those affected by the common cold.  From:  Cohen, B. M., & Dressier, W. E. (1982). Acute aromatics inhalation modifies the airways. Effects of the common cold. Respiration, 43(4), 285-293.
• Camphor, eucalyptus and menthol stimulate cold receptors in the nose to improve airflow.  From:  Burrow, A., Eccles, R., & Jones, A. S. (1983). The effects of camphor, eucalyptus and menthol vapour on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation. Acta oto-laryngologica, 96(1-2), 157-161.

CARAWAY

• In a study with 54 patients with chronic bronchial asthma, Roman chamomile was given to 18 patients and black caraway was given to another 18 patients for 21 days.  Plants were boiled and used via inhalation of the vapors.  Both plants showed improved air flow, but Negella sativa was superior to anthemis nobilis.  From:  Al-Jawad, Faruk H., et al. “Broncho-relaxant activity of Nigella sativa versus anthemisnobilis in chronic bronchial asthma; a comparative study of efficacy.” IOSR J Pharmac 2 (2012): 81-83. 

CATNIP

• Medicinal plants reputed in traditional medicine with modern some research for treating asthma and coughs included: Aspalathus linearis (rooibos), Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort), Andropogon muricatus (vetiver), Juniper excelsa (Greek juniper), Nepeta cataria (catnip), Hyocyamus niger (henbane), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Fumaria parviflora (fineleaf fumitory), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Acorus calamus (calamus), Carum roxburghianum (radhuni), Lens culinaris (lentils), and Lepidium sativum (cress).   From:  Khan, A. U., & Gilani, A. H. (2015). Natural Products Useful in Respiratory Disorders: Focus on Side‐Effect Neutralizing Combinations. Phytotherapy Research, 29(9), 1265-1285.

CHAMOMILE (GERMAN)

• This was a double blind randomized clinical trial including 46 children with intermittent asthma. An herbal blend of Matricaria chamomilla, Althaea officinalis, Malva sylvestris, Hyssopus officinalis, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Ziziphus jujube taken at the onset of the common cold for five days reduced symptoms compared to the placebo. From: Javid, A., Haghi, N. M., Emami, S. A., Ansari, A., Zojaji, S. A., Khoshkhui, M., & Ahanchian, H. (2019). Short-course administration of a traditional herbal mixture ameliorates asthma symptoms of the common cold in children. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 9(2), 126.

CHAMOMILE (ROMAN)

• In a study with 54 patients with chronic bronchial asthma, Roman chamomile was given to 18 patients and black caraway was given to another 18 patients for 21 days.  Plants were boiled and used via inhalation of the vapors.  Both plants showed improved air flow, but Negella sativa was superior to anthemis nobilis.  From:  Al-Jawad, Faruk H., et al. “Broncho-relaxant activity of Nigella sativa versus anthemisnobilis in chronic bronchial asthma; a comparative study of efficacy.” IOSR J Pharmac 2 (2012): 81-83. 
• Oral mucositis was successfully treated with chamomile.  From:  Mazokopakis, E. E., Vrentzos, G. E., Papadakis, J. A., Babalis, D. E., & Ganotakis, E. S. (2005). Wild chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) mouthwashes in methotrexate-induced oral mucositis. Phytomedicine, 12(1), 25-27.

CLOVE / EUGENOL

• Essential oil components were investigated to decrease harm caused by air pollution. The tested components, trans-anethole, estragole, eugenol and isoeugenol decreased the inflammatory response. From: Kfoury, M., Borgie, M., Verdin, A., Ledoux, F., Courcot, D., Auezova, L., & Fourmentin, S. (2016). Essential oil components decrease pulmonary and hepatic cells inflammation induced by air pollution particulate matter. Environmental chemistry letters, 14(3), 345-351.

COLTSFOOT

• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.
• In vivo studies attributed the antitussive effect of coltsfoot to the following constituents:  chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and rutin.  From:  Li, Z. Y., Zhi, H. J., Zhang, F. S., Sun, H. F., Zhang, L. Z., Jia, J. P., … & Qin, X. M. (2013). Metabolomic profiling of the antitussive and expectorant plant Tussilago farfara L. by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 75, 158-164.
• Flower buds from coltsfoot had an antitussive and expectorant effect on mice.  From:  Li, Z. Y., Zhi, H. J., Xue, S. Y., Sun, H. F., Zhang, F. S., Jia, J. P.,  & Qin, X. M. (2012). Metabolomic profiling of the flower bud and rachis of Tussilago farfara with antitussive and expectorant effects on mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 140(1), 83-90.

CORIANDER

• This review discussed the many uses for coriander: to cure bed cold, seasonal fever, nausea, vomiting, stomach disorders, indigestion, against worms, rheumatism and pain in the joints and as a diuretic, expectorant, laxative, anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic, and hypoglycemic herb. From:  Rajeshwari, U., & Andallu, B. (2011). Medicinal benefits of coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L). Spatula DD, 1(1), 51-58.

ECHINACEA

• This meta analysis concluded echinacea reduced respiratory tract infections.  From:  Schapowal, A., Klein, P., & Johnston, S. L. (2015). Echinacea reduces the risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections and complications: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Advances in therapy, 32(3), 187-200.
• In a randomized double blind study of 472 patients with mild influenza, an echinacea drink was more effective in reducing symptoms and had less side effects than oseltamivir, the gold standard for treating the flu.  From:  Rauš, K., Pleschka, S., Klein, P., Schoop, R., & Fisher, P. (2015). Effect of an Echinacea-based hot drink versus oseltamivir in influenza treatment: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter, noninferiority clinical trial. Current Therapeutic Research, 77, 66-72.

ELDERBERRY / ELDERFLOWERS

• In a double blind study of 312 intercontinental airline travelers, the group who took an elderberry extract had a significantly shorter duration and severity of cold symptoms. From: Tiralongo, E., Wee, S., & Lea, R. (2016). Elderberry supplementation reduces cold duration and symptoms in air-travellers: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutrients, 8(4), 182.
• In a double blind study of 60 patients suffering from flu symptoms for 48 hours or less, 5 ml of elderberry or placebo syrup was taken four times a day for 5 days. Symptom duration averaged 4 days shorter with less of a need for rescue medication in the elderberry group. It maybe a safe and affordable treatment for influenza but more larger studies are needed. From: Zakay-Rones, Z., Thom, E., Wollan, T., & Wadstein, J. (2004). Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. Journal of International Medical Research, 32(2), 132-140.
• In a double- blind study with 64 patients with flu symptoms for less than 24 hours, participants were given 4 doses of 175 mg of the proprietary elderberry extract or a placebo once a day for two days. The elderberry extract was safe and highly effective in relieving symptoms. From: Kong, F. K. (2009). Pilot clinical study on a proprietary elderberry extract: efficacy in addressing influenza symptoms. Online Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, 5, 32-43.
• In a double-blind study of 40 individuals with flu symptoms, an elderberry extract given daily for 3 days significantly reduced symptoms. From: Zakay-Rones, Z., Varsano, N., Zlotnik, M., Manor, O., Regev, L., Schlesinger, M., & Mumcuoglu, M. (1995). Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 1(4), 361-369.
• According to a 2014 review of research on elderberry extracts to treat influenza, a good amount of scientific research supported the herb. From: Ulbricht, C., Basch, E., Cheung, L., Goldberg, H., Hammerness, P., Isaac, R., … & Weissner, W. (2014). An evidence-based systematic review of elderberry and elderflower (Sambucus nigra) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of dietary supplements, 11(1), 80-120.
• In a meta-analysis of clinical trials including 180 participants, Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) supplementation substantially reduced upper respiratory symptoms. The herb may be an effective alternative to antibiotic misuse for viral infections and a potentially safer alternative to certain prescription drugs for cold and flu. From: Hawkins, J., Baker, C., Cherry, L., & Dunne, E. (2019). Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) supplementation effectively treats upper respiratory symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. Complementary therapies in medicine, 42, 361-365.

EUCALYPTUS / CINEOLE

• In 24 healthy adults, the inhalation of eucalyptus, camphor, and menthol improved airway and breathing when affected by the common cold.  From:  Cohen, B. M., & Dressier, W. E. (1982). Acute aromatics inhalation modifies the airways. Effects of the common cold. Respiration, 43(4), 285-293.
• Cineole demonstrated good expectorant activity in patients in an emergency room.  Li, G. A. O. (1989). The expectorant effect of cineole compositus in 386 patients with respiratory diseases.  6, 015
• In a randomized double blind placebo controlled study of 152 patients, 100 mg of cineole in capsules three times a day reduced symptoms of accute sinusitis.  From:  Kehrl, W., Sonnemann, U., & Dethlefsen, U. (2004). Therapy for Acute Nonpurulent Rhinosinusitis With Cineole: Results of a Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial. The Laryngoscope, 114(4), 738-742.
• A combination of pinene, limonene, and cineole improved mucociliary clearance.  From:  Dorow, P., Weiss, T. H., Felix, R., & Schmutzler, H. (1987). [Effect of a secretolytic and a combination of pinene, limonene and cineole on mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 37(12), 1378-1381.
• 1,8-cineol controlled airway mucus hypersecretion by cytokine inhibition, and may be a useful treatment to reduce symptoms of asthma, sinusitis and COPD.  From:  Juergens, U. R., Engelen, T., Racké, K., Stöber, M., Gillissen, A., & Vetter, H. (2004). Inhibitory activity of 1, 8-cineol (eucalyptol) on cytokine production in cultured human lymphocytes and monocytes. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 17(5), 281-287.
• An in vitro study showed topical application of eucalyptus oil could reduce bacteria-induced mucus hypersecretion.  From:  Sudhoff, H., Klenke, C., Greiner, J. F., Müller, J., Brotzmann, V., Ebmeyer, J., … & Kaltschmidt, C. (2015). 1, 8-Cineol reduces mucus-production in a novel human ex vivo model of late rhinosinusitis. PloS one, 10(7), e0133040.
• In this placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial 246 patients with chronic bronchitis, long use (1 month) of myrtol (contains alpha pinene) over one month was tolerable and effective.   From:  Meister, R., Wittig, T., Beuscher, N., & de Mey, C. (1999). Efficacy and tolerability of Myrtol standardized in long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis. Arzneimittelforschung, 49(04), 351-358.
• In this 2 week treatment of 676 patients with chronic bronchitis, myrtol (contains alpha pinene, cineole, and d-limonene) was safe and effective.  From:  Matthys, H., de Mey, C., Carls, C., Ryś, A., Geib, A., & Wittig, T. (2000). Efficacy and tolerability of myrtol standardized in acute bronchitis. Arzneimittelforschung, 50(08), 700-711.
• Inhaled 1,8-cineole reduced inflammation in airways of guinea pigs. From:  Bastos, V. P., Gomes, A. S., Lima, F. J., Brito, T. S., Soares, P. M., Pinho, J. P., … & Magalhães, P. J. (2011). Inhaled 1, 8‐Cineole Reduces Inflammatory Parameters in Airways of Ovalbumin‐Challenged Guinea Pigs. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 108(1), 34-39.
• In this double blind, placebo controlled, multi-center study with 242 patients, 200 mg of cineole in a capsule three times a day reduced airway inflammation in COPD.  From:  Worth, H., Schacher, C., & Dethlefsen, U. (2009). Concomitant therapy with Cineole (Eucalyptole) reduces exacerbations in COPD: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Respiratory research, 10(1), 69.
• In a randomized double blind placebo controlled study of 152 patients, 100 mg of cineole three times a day reduced symptoms of accute sinusitis.  From:  Kehrl, W., Sonnemann, U., & Dethlefsen, U. (2004). Therapy for Acute Nonpurulent Rhinosinusitis With Cineole: Results of a Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial. The Laryngoscope, 114(4), 738-742.
• Camphor, eucalyptus and menthol stimulate cold receptors in the nose to improve airflow.  From:  Burrow, A., Eccles, R., & Jones, A. S. (1983). The effects of camphor, eucalyptus and menthol vapour on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation. Acta oto-laryngologica, 96(1-2), 157-161.
• This article summarized the use of Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, Origanum syriacum, Salvia fruticosa and Rosmarinus officinalis in treating respiratory ailments. From:  Rakover, Y., Ben-Arye, E., & Goldstein, L. H. (2008). The treatment of respiratory ailments with essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants. Harefuah, 147(10), 783-8.
• Olbas oil, a blend of peppermint, eucalyptus, and cajuput oil, along with a small amount of juniper berry and wintergreen showed strong antimicrobial activity in vitro that may be effective against various skin or respiratory infections.  From:  Hamoud, R., Sporer, F., Reichling, J., & Wink, M. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of a traditionally used complex essential oil distillate (Olbas® Tropfen) in comparison to its individual essential oil ingredients. Phytomedicine, 19(11), 969-976.

FENNEL

• Fennel seed was used to treat cough.  From:  Subhash, A. C. (1999). Controlling angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitor induced cough by fennel fruit. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 31(2), 159.

GARLIC

• Results of the double blind study suggested aged garlic extract in a diet may enhance immune cell function and reduced the severity of colds and flu.  From:  Nantz, M. P., Rowe, C. A., Muller, C. E., Creasy, R. A., Stanilka, J. M., & Percival, S. S. (2012). Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and γδ-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled nutrition intervention. Clinical Nutrition, 31(3), 337-344.
• One hundred forty-six volunteers were randomized and those taking the allicin-containing garlic supplement, one capsule daily, over a 12-week period between November and February were less likely to catch the common cold.  From:  Josling, P. (2001). Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Advances in therapy, 18(4), 189-1.
• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.

GINGER

• The immunity boosting, antimicrobial actions of ginger were discussed.  From:  Shakya, S. R. (2015). Medicinal uses of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) improves growth and enhances immunity in aquaculture. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 3(2), 83-87.
• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.
• Ginger constituents may help relax smooth muscles of the throat related to asthma complaints.  From:  Townsend, E. A., Siviski, M. E., Zhang, Y., Xu, C., Hoonjan, B., & Emala, C. W. (2013). Effects of ginger and its constituents on airway smooth muscle relaxation and calcium regulation. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 48(2), 157-163.

GINSENG

• In a study with 323 participants with a history of having caught a cold in the past, taking a ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) supplement for 4 months reduced severity and duration of symptoms. From: Predy, G. N., Goel, V., Lovlin, R., Donner, A., Stitt, L., & Basu, T. K. (2005). Efficacy of an extract of North American ginseng containing poly-furanosyl-pyranosyl-saccharides for preventing upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial. Cmaj, 173(9), 1043-1048.
• A review of the uses of Panax ginseng is provided. Systematic reviews have shown it reduces a cold and helps with erectile disfunction. Nonsystematic reviews suggest it may help reduce cancer, cancer fatigue, and viral myocarditis. From: Ernst, E. (2010). Panax ginseng: an overview of the clinical evidence. Journal of Ginseng Research, 34(4), 259-263.

HELICHRYSUM

• Extracts of H. arenarium showed antimicrobial activity against a variety of lower respiratory tract pathogens. From: Gradinaru, A. C., Silion, M., Trifan, A., Miron, A., & Aprotosoaie, A. C. (2014). Helichrysum arenarium subsp. arenarium: phenolic composition and antibacterial activity against lower respiratory tract pathogens. Natural product research, 28(22), 2076-2080.

HONEY

• In a study of 105 children ages 2-18 years with nighttime cough, parents rated honey favorably in reducing the cough associated with respiratory infections.  From:  Paul, I. M., Beiler, J., McMonagle, A., Shaffer, M. L., Duda, L., & Berlin, C. M. (2007). Effect of honey, dextromethorphan, and no treatment on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 161(12), 1140-1146.
• In a double blind study of 300 children ages 1-5 years, the three different types of honey tested reduced nocturnal coughing.  From:  Cohen, H. A., Rozen, J., Kristal, H., Laks, Y., Berkovitch, M., Uziel, Y., … & Efrat, H. (2012). Effect of honey on nocturnal cough and sleep quality: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Pediatrics, 130(3), 465-471.

HYSSOP

• This was a double blind randomized clinical trial including 46 children with intermittent asthma. An herbal blend of Matricaria chamomilla, Althaea officinalis, Malva sylvestris, Hyssopus officinalis, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Ziziphus jujube taken at the onset of the common cold for five days reduced symptoms compared to the placebo. From: Javid, A., Haghi, N. M., Emami, S. A., Ansari, A., Zojaji, S. A., Khoshkhui, M., & Ahanchian, H. (2019). Short-course administration of a traditional herbal mixture ameliorates asthma symptoms of the common cold in children. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 9(2), 126.

JUNIPER

• Medicinal plants reputed in traditional medicine with modern some research for treating asthma and coughs included: Aspalathus linearis (rooibos), Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort), Andropogon muricatus (vetiver), Juniper excelsa (Greek juniper), Nepeta cataria (catnip), Hyocyamus niger (henbane), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Fumaria parviflora (fineleaf fumitory), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Acorus calamus (calamus), Carum roxburghianum (radhuni), Lens culinaris (lentils), and Lepidium sativum (cress).   From:  Khan, A. U., & Gilani, A. H. (2015). Natural Products Useful in Respiratory Disorders: Focus on Side‐Effect Neutralizing Combinations. Phytotherapy Research, 29(9), 1265-1285.
• Olbas oil, a blend of peppermint, eucalyptus, and cajuput oil, along with a small amount of juniper berry and wintergreen showed strong antimicrobial activity in vitro that may be effective against various skin or respiratory infections.  From:  Hamoud, R., Sporer, F., Reichling, J., & Wink, M. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of a traditionally used complex essential oil distillate (Olbas® Tropfen) in comparison to its individual essential oil ingredients. Phytomedicine, 19(11), 969-976.

JUJUBE

• This was a double blind randomized clinical trial including 46 children with intermittent asthma. An herbal blend of Matricaria chamomilla, Althaea officinalis, Malva sylvestris, Hyssopus officinalis, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Ziziphus jujube taken at the onset of the common cold for five days reduced symptoms compared to the placebo. From: Javid, A., Haghi, N. M., Emami, S. A., Ansari, A., Zojaji, S. A., Khoshkhui, M., & Ahanchian, H. (2019). Short-course administration of a traditional herbal mixture ameliorates asthma symptoms of the common cold in children. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 9(2), 126.

LAVENDER

• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.

LAVENDER (SPIKE)

• In a study of 229 patients with non-acute bronchitis, those who recevied the spike lavender (2 capsules, 3 times a day, for 10 days) had reduced symptoms of bronchitis compared to the placebo group. From: Kähler, C., Derezinski, T., Bocian-Sobkowska, J., Keckeis, A., & Zacke, G. (2019). Spicae aetheroleum in uncomplicated acute bronchitis: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 169(5-6), 137-148.

LEMON

• Lemon oil had an expectorant action in rabbits, limonene and pinene were active components.  From:  Sheppard, E. P., & Boyd, E. M. (1970). Lemon oil as an expectorant inhalant. Pharmacological Research Communications, 2(1), 1-16.

LEMONGRASS

• Lemongrass oil was fungitoxic against Aspergillus spp. pathogens that cause respiratory infections.  From:  Al Yousef, S. A. (2013). Antifungal activity of volatiles from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and peppermint (Mentha piperita) oils against some respiratory pathogenic species of Aspergillus. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 2(6), 261-72.

LICORICE

• This was a double blind randomized clinical trial including 46 children with intermittent asthma. An herbal blend of Matricaria chamomilla, Althaea officinalis, Malva sylvestris, Hyssopus officinalis, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Ziziphus jujube taken at the onset of the common cold for five days reduced symptoms compared to the placebo. From: Javid, A., Haghi, N. M., Emami, S. A., Ansari, A., Zojaji, S. A., Khoshkhui, M., & Ahanchian, H. (2019). Short-course administration of a traditional herbal mixture ameliorates asthma symptoms of the common cold in children. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 9(2), 126.
• Glycyrrhiza glabra  (licorice root) and Adhatoda vasica had an antitussive activity in mice comparable to that of codeine sulphate.  From:  Jahan, Y., & Siddiqui, H. H. (2012). Study of antitussive potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Adhatoda vasica using a cough model induced by sulphur dioxide gas in mice. International journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and research, 3(6), 1668.
• Glycyrrhiza glabra induced cough efforts in guinea pigs more effectively than codeine.  From:  Saha, S., Nosál’ová, G., Ghosh, D., Flešková, D., Capek, P., & Ray, B. (2011). Structural features and in vivo antitussive activity of the water extracted polymer from Glycyrrhiza glabra. International journal of biological macromolecules, 48(4), 634-638.
• Throat coat, a tea including licorice, slippery elm, and marshmallow, reduced throat pain in patients.  From:  Brinckmann, J., Sigwart, H., & van Houten Taylor, L. (2003). Safety and efficacy of a traditional herbal medicine (Throat Coat®) in symptomatic temporary relief of pain in patients with acute pharyngitis: A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 9(2), 285-298.

LIMONENE

• A combination of pinene, limonene, and cineole improved mucociliary clearance.  From:  Dorow, P., Weiss, T. H., Felix, R., & Schmutzler, H. (1987). [Effect of a secretolytic and a combination of pinene, limonene and cineole on mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 37(12), 1378-1381.
• In this placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial 246 patients with chronic bronchitis, long use (1 month) of myrtol (contains alpha pinene) over one month was tolerable and effective.   From:  Meister, R., Wittig, T., Beuscher, N., & de Mey, C. (1999). Efficacy and tolerability of Myrtol standardized in long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis. Arzneimittelforschung, 49(04), 351-358.
• In this 2 week treatment of 676 patients with chronic bronchitis, myrtol (contains alpha pinene, cineole, and d-limonene) was safe and effective.  From:  Matthys, H., de Mey, C., Carls, C., Ryś, A., Geib, A., & Wittig, T. (2000). Efficacy and tolerability of myrtol standardized in acute bronchitis. Arzneimittelforschung, 50(08), 700-711.

LOBELIA

• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.

MAIDENHAIR FERN

• This was a double blind randomized clinical trial including 46 children with intermittent asthma. An herbal blend of Matricaria chamomilla, Althaea officinalis, Malva sylvestris, Hyssopus officinalis, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Ziziphus jujube taken at the onset of the common cold for five days reduced symptoms compared to the placebo. From: Javid, A., Haghi, N. M., Emami, S. A., Ansari, A., Zojaji, S. A., Khoshkhui, M., & Ahanchian, H. (2019). Short-course administration of a traditional herbal mixture ameliorates asthma symptoms of the common cold in children. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 9(2), 126.

MANUKA / KANUKA

• Neck and cancer patients who received radiation had delayed onset of mucositis and reduced pain and oral symptoms from gargling a blend with manuka and kanuka.  From:  Maddocks-Jennings, W., Wilkinson, J. M., Cavanagh, H. M., & Shillington, D. (2009). Evaluating the effects of the essential oils Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) and Kunzea ericoides (kanuka) on radiotherapy induced mucositis: a randomized, placebo controlled feasibility study. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13(2), 87-93.

MARGORAM

• Marjoram extract reduced gastric ulcers in rats.  From:  Al-Howiriny, T., Alsheikh, A., Alqasoumi, S., Al-Yahya, M., ElTahir, K., & Rafatullah, S. (2009). Protective Effect of Origanum majorana L.’Marjoram’on various models of gastric mucosal injury in rats. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 37(03), 531-545.

MARSHMALLOW

• This was a double blind randomized clinical trial including 46 children with intermittent asthma. An herbal blend of Matricaria chamomilla, Althaea officinalis, Malva sylvestris, Hyssopus officinalis, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Ziziphus jujube taken at the onset of the common cold for five days reduced symptoms compared to the placebo. From: Javid, A., Haghi, N. M., Emami, S. A., Ansari, A., Zojaji, S. A., Khoshkhui, M., & Ahanchian, H. (2019). Short-course administration of a traditional herbal mixture ameliorates asthma symptoms of the common cold in children. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 9(2), 126.
• In a double blind study, A. officinalis reduced the cough of those taking and having side effects from  enzyme inhibitor drugs to treat hypertension.  Rouhi, H., & Ganji, F. (2007). Effect of Althaea officinalis on cough associated with ACE inhibitors. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6(3), 256-258.
• In vitro, marshmallow extracts stimulated epithelial cells to support the traditional use for treatment of irritated mucous membranes. From:  Deters, A., Zippel, J., Hellenbrand, N., Pappai, D., Possemeyer, C., & Hensel, A. (2010). Aqueous extracts and polysaccharides from Marshmallow roots (Althea officinalis L.): Cellular internalisation and stimulation of cell physiology of human epithelial cells in vitro. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 127(1), 62-69.
• Lozenges containing marshmallow root showed an effect in treating irritated oropharyngeal mucosa associated with a dry irritable cough. Benbassat, N., Kostova, B., Nikolova, I., & Rachev, D. (2013). Development and evaluation of novel lozenges containing marshmallow root extract. Pak J Pharm Sci, 26, 1103-1107.
• In an open trial of 62 patients, a cough syrup made from ivy leaves, thyme herb, aniseed and marshmallow root was effective. From:  Büechi, S., Vögelin, R., von Eiff, M. M., Ramos, M., & Melzer, J. (2005). Open trial to assess aspects of safety and efficacy of a combined herbal cough syrup with ivy and thyme. Complementary Medicine Research, 12(6), 328-332.
• Throat coat, a tea including licorice, slippery elm, and marshmallow, reduced throat pain in patients.  From:  Brinckmann, J., Sigwart, H., & van Houten Taylor, L. (2003). Safety and efficacy of a traditional herbal medicine (Throat Coat®) in symptomatic temporary relief of pain in patients with acute pharyngitis: A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 9(2), 285-298.

MULLEIN

• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.

OREGANO

• This article summarized the use of Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, Origanum syriacum, Salvia fruticosa and Rosmarinus officinalis in treating respiratory ailments. From:  Rakover, Y., Ben-Arye, E., & Goldstein, L. H. (2008). The treatment of respiratory ailments with essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants. Harefuah, 147(10), 783-8.

PALMAROSA

• Methanol extracts of palmarosa had a spasmolytic effect on multiple tested organs in vitro. From: Janbaz, K. H., Qayyum, A., Saqib, F., Imran, I., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., & De Feo, V. (2014). Bronchodilator, vasodilator and spasmolytic activities of Cymbopogon martini. J Physiol Pharmacol, 65(6), 859-866.

PASSION FLOWER

• Extract from the leaves of  Passiflora incarnata reduced cough activity in induced mice.  From:  Dhawan, K., & Sharma, A. (2002). Antitussive activity of the methanol extract of Passiflora incarnata leaves. Fitoterapia, 73(5), 397-399.

PEPPER (HOT)

• In a randomized double blind study of 42 patients with nasal congestion, a nasal spray with Capsicum annum and eucalyptol taken over two weeks reduced symptoms.  From:  Bernstein, J. A., Davis, B. P., Picard, J. K., Cooper, J. P., Zheng, S., & Levin, L. S. (2011). A randomized, double-blind, parallel trial comparing capsaicin nasal spray with placebo in subjects with a significant component of nonallergic rhinitis. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 107(2), 171-178.

PEPPERMINT / MENTHOL

• Inhalation of eucalyptus, camphor, and menthol improved airway and breathing of those affected by the common cold.  From:  Cohen, B. M., & Dressier, W. E. (1982). Acute aromatics inhalation modifies the airways. Effects of the common cold. Respiration, 43(4), 285-293.
• A peppermint lozenge improved airflow in those suffering from the common cold.  From:  ECCLES, R., JAWAD, M. S., & MORRIS, S. (1990). The effects of oral administration of (—)‐menthol on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation of airflow in subjects suffering from nasal congestion associated with the common cold. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 42(9), 652-65.
• Cold receptor stimulation of the upper airway during nasal inhalation of menthol reduced the sensation of respiratory discomfort associated with difficult breathing.  From:  Nishino, T., Tagaito, Y., & Sakurai, Y. (1997). Nasal inhalation of l-menthol reduces respiratory discomfort associated with loaded breathing. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 156(1), 309-313.
• In a placebo controlled study with 20 participants, menthol and eucalyptus oil inhalation reduced the coughing reaction. From: Morice, A. H., Marshall, A. E., Higgins, K. S., & Grattan, T. J. (1994). Effect of inhaled menthol on citric acid induced cough in normal subjects. Thorax, 49(10), 1024-1026.
• Camphor, eucalyptus and menthol stimulate cold receptors in the nose to improve airflow.  From:  Burrow, A., Eccles, R., & Jones, A. S. (1983). The effects of camphor, eucalyptus and menthol vapour on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation. Acta oto-laryngologica, 96(1-2), 157-161.
• Inhalation of a blend of aloe, coconut, orange, peppermint and vitamin E. reduced inflammation associated with oxidant stress-related challenge to the nasal mucosa.  From:  Gao, M., Singh, A., Macri, K., Reynolds, C., Singhal, V., Biswal, S., & Spannhake, E. W. (2011). Antioxidant components of naturally-occurring oils exhibit marked anti-inflammatory activity in epithelial cells of the human upper respiratory system. Respiratory research, 12(1), 1.
• A constituent isolated from peppermint helped alleviate the nasal symptoms of allergic rhinitis.  From:  Inoue, T., Sugimoto, Y., Masuda, H., & Kamei, C. (2002). Antiallergic effect of flavonoid glycosides obtained from Mentha piperita L. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 25(2), 256-259.
• Stimulation by menthol of the major palatine nerve and its sensory nerve endings in the nasal mucosa increased  nasal opening.  From:  Naito, K., Komori, M., Kondo, Y., Takeuchi, M., & Iwata, S. (1997). The effect of L-menthol stimulation of the major palatine nerve on subjective and objective nasal patency. Auris Nasus Larynx, 24(2), 159-162.
• This article summarized the use of Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, Origanum syriacum, Salvia fruticosa and Rosmarinus officinalis in treating respiratory ailments. From:  Rakover, Y., Ben-Arye, E., & Goldstein, L. H. (2008). The treatment of respiratory ailments with essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants. Harefuah, 147(10), 783-8.
• Olbas oil, a blend of peppermint, eucalyptus, and cajuput oil, along with a small amount of juniper berry and wintergreen showed strong antimicrobial activity in vitro that may be effective against various skin or respiratory infections.  From:  Hamoud, R., Sporer, F., Reichling, J., & Wink, M. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of a traditionally used complex essential oil distillate (Olbas® Tropfen) in comparison to its individual essential oil ingredients. Phytomedicine, 19(11), 969-976.

PINE

• Anti-inflammatory properties of Pinus sylvestris and Plantago lanceolata may be useful in treating certain respiratory diseases.  From:  Vigo, E., Cepeda, A., Gualillo, O., & Perez‐Fernandez, R. (2005). In‐vitro anti‐inflammatory activity of Pinus sylvestris and Plantago lanceolata extracts: effect on inducible NOS, COX‐1, COX‐2 and their products in J774A. 1 murine macrophages. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 57(3), 383-391.

PINENE

• A combination of pinene, limonene, and cineole improved mucociliary clearance.  From:  Dorow, P., Weiss, T. H., Felix, R., & Schmutzler, H. (1987). [Effect of a secretolytic and a combination of pinene, limonene and cineole on mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 37(12), 1378-1381.
• In this placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial 246 patients with chronic bronchitis, long use (1 month) of myrtol (contains alpha pinene) over one month was tolerable and effective.   From:  Meister, R., Wittig, T., Beuscher, N., & de Mey, C. (1999). Efficacy and tolerability of Myrtol standardized in long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis. Arzneimittelforschung, 49(04), 351-358.
• In this 2 week treatment of 676 patients with chronic bronchitis, myrtol (contains alpha pinene, cineole, and d-limonene) was safe and effective.  From:  Matthys, H., de Mey, C., Carls, C., Ryś, A., Geib, A., & Wittig, T. (2000). Efficacy and tolerability of myrtol standardized in acute bronchitis. Arzneimittelforschung, 50(08), 700-711.

PLANTAIN

• Anti-inflammatory properties of Pinus sylvestris and Plantago lanceolata may be useful in treating certain respiratory diseases.  From:  Vigo, E., Cepeda, A., Gualillo, O., & Perez‐Fernandez, R. (2005). In‐vitro anti‐inflammatory activity of Pinus sylvestris and Plantago lanceolata extracts: effect on inducible NOS, COX‐1, COX‐2 and their products in J774A. 1 murine macrophages. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 57(3), 383-391.

PRIMROSE

• In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, study with 150 patients, an extract with thyme and primrose was effective and tolerable in treating acute bronchitis.  The author did a similar study with 189 patients a year later, with a similar outcome.  From:  Gruenwald, J., Graubaum, H. J., & Busch, R. (2005). Efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of thyme and primrose root in patients with acute bronchitis. Arzneimittelforschung, 55(11), 669-676.

ROOIBOS

• Medicinal plants reputed in traditional medicine with modern some research for treating asthma and coughs included: Aspalathus linearis (rooibos), Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort), Andropogon muricatus (vetiver), Juniper excelsa (Greek juniper), Nepeta cataria (catnip), Hyocyamus niger (henbane), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Fumaria parviflora (fineleaf fumitory), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Acorus calamus (calamus), Carum roxburghianum (radhuni), Lens culinaris (lentils), and Lepidium sativum (cress).   From:  Khan, A. U., & Gilani, A. H. (2015). Natural Products Useful in Respiratory Disorders: Focus on Side‐Effect Neutralizing Combinations. Phytotherapy Research, 29(9), 1265-1285.

ROSEMARY

• This article summarized the use of Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, Origanum syriacum, Salvia fruticosa and Rosmarinus officinalis in treating respiratory ailments. From:  Rakover, Y., Ben-Arye, E., & Goldstein, L. H. (2008). The treatment of respiratory ailments with essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants. Harefuah, 147(10), 783-8.

SAGE

• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.
• This article summarized the use of Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, Origanum syriacum, Salvia fruticosa and Rosmarinus officinalis in treating respiratory ailments. From:  Rakover, Y., Ben-Arye, E., & Goldstein, L. H. (2008). The treatment of respiratory ailments with essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants. Harefuah, 147(10), 783-8.

SLIPPERY ELM

• Throat coat, a tea including licorice, slippery elm, and marshmallow, reduced throat pain in patients.  From:  Brinckmann, J., Sigwart, H., & van Houten Taylor, L. (2003). Safety and efficacy of a traditional herbal medicine (Throat Coat®) in symptomatic temporary relief of pain in patients with acute pharyngitis: A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 9(2), 285-298.

SPEARMINT

• Spearmint oil had a protective effect on lung injury in COPD rats.  From:  Zhao, C. Z., Wang, Y., Tang, F. D., Zhao, X. J., Xu, Q. P., Xia, J. F., & Zhu, Y. F. (2008). Effect of spearmint oil on inflammation, oxidative alteration and Nrf2 expression in lung tissue of COPD rats. Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences, 37(4), 357-363.

ST. JOHN’S WORT

• Medicinal plants reputed in traditional medicine with modern some research for treating asthma and coughs included: Aspalathus linearis (rooibos), Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort), Andropogon muricatus (vetiver), Juniper excelsa (Greek juniper), Nepeta cataria (catnip), Hyocyamus niger (henbane), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Fumaria parviflora (fineleaf fumitory), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Acorus calamus (calamus), Carum roxburghianum (radhuni), Lens culinaris (lentils), and Lepidium sativum (cress).   From:  Khan, A. U., & Gilani, A. H. (2015). Natural Products Useful in Respiratory Disorders: Focus on Side‐Effect Neutralizing Combinations. Phytotherapy Research, 29(9), 1265-1285.

SWEET FLAG / CALAMUS

• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.
• Medicinal plants reputed in traditional medicine with modern some research for treating asthma and coughs included: Aspalathus linearis (rooibos), Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort), Andropogon muricatus (vetiver), Juniper excelsa (Greek juniper), Nepeta cataria (catnip), Hyocyamus niger (henbane), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Fumaria parviflora (fineleaf fumitory), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Acorus calamus (calamus), Carum roxburghianum (radhuni), Lens culinaris (lentils), and Lepidium sativum (cress).   From:  Khan, A. U., & Gilani, A. H. (2015). Natural Products Useful in Respiratory Disorders: Focus on Side‐Effect Neutralizing Combinations. Phytotherapy Research, 29(9), 1265-1285.

TEA TREE

• Inhaling nanoemulsions of tea tree oil reduced bacterial and fungal pneumonia in vivo.  From:  Li, M., Zhu, L., Liu, B., Du, L., Jia, X., Han, L., & Jin, Y. (2016). Tea tree oil nanoemulsions for inhalation therapies of bacterial and fungal pneumonia. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 141, 408-416.

THYME

• A review of 1,234 children ages 2-17 had reduced bronchial symptoms with age appropriate doses of a syrup containing thyme and ivy.  From: Marzian, O. (2007). Treatment of acute bronchitis in children and adolescents. Non-interventional postmarketing surveillance study confirms the benefit and safety of a syrup made of extracts from thyme and ivy leaves. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 149(27-28 Suppl), 69-74.
• The herbal brand Bronchipret containing thyme extract was just as effective in treating bronchial symptoms as synthetic drugs in a matched-pair comparison study of 7783 patients.  From: Ernst, E., März, R., & Sieder, C. (1997). A controlled multi-centre study of herbal versus synthetic secretolytic drugs for acute bronchitis. Phytomedicine, 4(4), 287-293.
• In a double blind, randomized, clinical trial of 52 pediatric patients, a cough syrup containing a thyme like plant reduced cough safely in young children.  From:  Hosseini, F., Mahjoub, H., Amanati, A., Fazlian, M. M., & Sedighi, I. (2016). Comparison of Zataria multiflora Extract Syrup and Diphenhydramine in the Treatment of Common Cold-Induced Cough in Children: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Clinical Trial. Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 4(3).
• In an open trial of 62 patients, a cough syrup made from ivy leaves, thyme herb, aniseed and marshmallow root was effective. From:  Büechi, S., Vögelin, R., von Eiff, M. M., Ramos, M., & Melzer, J. (2005). Open trial to assess aspects of safety and efficacy of a combined herbal cough syrup with ivy and thyme. Complementary Medicine Research, 12(6), 328-332.
• Thyme extract had an antispasmodic effect on rat ileum and trachea, with thymol being a significant constituent.  From:  Begrow, F., Engelbertz, J., Feistel, B., Lehnfeld, R., Bauer, K., & Verspohl, E. J. (2010). Impact of thymol in thyme extracts on their antispasmodic action and ciliary clearance. Planta medica, 76(04), 311-318.
• Thymus vulgaris had a relaxant effect on guinea pig trachea.  From:  Boskabady, M. A., Aslani, M. R., & Kiani, S. (2006). Relaxant effect of Thymus vulgaris on guinea‐pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism (s). Phytotherapy Research, 20(1), 28-33.

VALERIAN

• Listed are herbs commonly used for cough suppression.  These herbs include: Acacia catechu, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Allium sativum, Angelica archangelica, Astragalus membranaceus, Carum copticum, Lavandula angustifolia, Lobelia inflata, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Tussilago farfara, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Zingiber officinale.  From:  Sultana, S., Khan, A., & Alhazmi, M. M. S. H. A. (2016). Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), 15-28.

VETIVER

• Medicinal plants reputed in traditional medicine with modern some research for treating asthma and coughs included: Aspalathus linearis (rooibos), Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort), Andropogon muricatus (vetiver), Juniper excelsa (Greek juniper), Nepeta cataria (catnip), Hyocyamus niger (henbane), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Fumaria parviflora (fineleaf fumitory), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Acorus calamus (calamus), Carum roxburghianum (radhuni), Lens culinaris (lentils), and Lepidium sativum (cress).   From:  Khan, A. U., & Gilani, A. H. (2015). Natural Products Useful in Respiratory Disorders: Focus on Side‐Effect Neutralizing Combinations. Phytotherapy Research, 29(9), 1265-1285.

VITAMIN C

• In a large double blind study, vitamin C reduced the duration and symptoms of the common cold.  From:  Anderson, T. W., Reid, D. B. W., & Beaton, G. H. (1972). Vitamin C and the common cold: a double-blind trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 107(6), 503.
• Douglas, R. M., & Hemilä, H. (2005). Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. PLoS medicine, 2(6), e168.
• Nutrition, including Vitamins C, D, and Zinc, play a role in optimal immunity.  From:  Maggini, S., Maldonado, P., Cardim, P., Fernandez Newball, C., & Sota Latino, E. R. (2017). Vitamins C, D and Zinc: Synergistic Roles in Immune Function and Infections. Vitam Miner, 6(167), 2376-1318.

VITAMIN E

• Inhalation of a blend of aloe, coconut, orange, peppermint and vitamin E. reduced inflammation associated with oxidant stress-related challenge to the nasal mucosa.  From:  Gao, M., Singh, A., Macri, K., Reynolds, C., Singhal, V., Biswal, S., & Spannhake, E. W. (2011). Antioxidant components of naturally-occurring oils exhibit marked anti-inflammatory activity in epithelial cells of the human upper respiratory system. Respiratory research, 12(1), 1.

WINTERGREEN

• Olbas oil, a blend of peppermint, eucalyptus, and cajuput oil, along with a small amount of juniper berry and wintergreen showed strong antimicrobial activity in vitro that may be effective against various skin or respiratory infections.  From:  Hamoud, R., Sporer, F., Reichling, J., & Wink, M. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of a traditionally used complex essential oil distillate (Olbas® Tropfen) in comparison to its individual essential oil ingredients. Phytomedicine, 19(11), 969-976.

YARROW

• Achillea millefolium exhibited a hypotensive, cardiovascular inhibitory and bronchodilatory effects that may be effective in treating hypertension and asthma.  From:  Khan, A. U., & Gilani, A. H. (2011). Blood pressure lowering, cardiovascular inhibitory and bronchodilatory actions of Achillea millefolium. Phytotherapy Research, 25(4), 577-583.

Compiled by: Kathy Sadowski

Updated: 11/19/19