Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Research

Latin Name: Citrus aurantifolia

Family: Rutaceae

RESEARCH

The listings of research below represent a compilation of scientific articles found on the species, with a very brief overview description of each article/study.  Research found is catalogued by therapeutic action.  This categorized compilation of research articles does not necessarily imply that there are adequate results to demonstrate safe and/or effective human use.

GENERAL

• Ayurvedic uses of lemon and lime are discussed.  Scientific studies show the following therapeutic actions: antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer and antiviral.  From: Mohanapriya, M., Ramaswamy, D. L., & Rajendran, D. R. (2013). Health and medicinal properties of lemon (Citrus limonum). International Journal Of Ayurvedic And Herbal Medicine, 3(01).
• Scientific research on the therapeutic actions of Citrus ssp were reviewed.  Lime showed spasmolytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, phytotoxic, anti-cancer and weight loss enhancing activities.  From:  Dosoky, N., & Setzer, W. (2018). Biological activities and safety of Citrus spp. essential oils. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(7), 1966.
• Sohi, S., & Shri, R. (2018). Neuropharmacological potential of the genus Citrus: A review. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem, 7(2), 1538-1548.
• Osman, A. (2019). Citrus Oils. In Fruit Oils: Chemistry and Functionality (pp. 521-540). Springer, Cham.
• A review of research on the bioactivity of citrus peels was provided and included antioxidant, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and anticancer possibilities. From: Ademosun, A. O., Oboh, G., Olasehinde, T. A., & Adeoyo, O. O. (2018). From folk medicine to functional food: a review on the bioactive components and pharmacological properties of citrus peels. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 18(1), 9-20.
• In a review of research, lime has been traditionaly used as an antiseptic, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasite, astringent, diuretic, insect repellent, for digestive upset, headaches, arthritis, and respiratory complaints.  From: Enejoh, O. S., Ogunyemi, I. O., Bala, M. S., Oruene, I. S., Suleiman, M. M., & Ambali, S. F. (2015). Ethnomedical importance of Citrus aurantifolia (christm) swingle. The Pharma Innovation, 4(8, Part A), 1.
• Furocoumarins have shown in research to have significant antimicrobial, insecticidal, and cancer inhibiting activity. However, there is also a phototoxic effect and there can be interference with drug metabolism. Furocoumarins are found in grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange, carrot, celery, parsnip, dill, parsley, cilantro, cumin, coriander, turnip, and fig. From: Melough, M. M., Cho, E., & Chun, O. K. (2018). Furocoumarins: a review of biochemical activities, dietary sources and intake, and potential health risks. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 113, 99-107.
• In human and animal studies, Citrus aurantium has shown anticancer, anxiolytic, antiobesity, antibacterial, antioxidant, pesticidal, and antidiabetic activities. From: Suntar, I., Khan, H., Patel, S., Celano, R., & Rastrelli, L. (2018). An overview on Citrus aurantium L.: its functions as food ingredient and therapeutic agent. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018.

SAFETY

• Lemon, lime, and bitter orange oil contained furocoumarin ( bergapten and oxypeucedanin) causing phototoxicity.  From:  Naganuma, M., Hirose, S., Nakayama, Y., Nakajima, K., & Someya, T. (1985). A study of the phototoxicity of lemon oil. Archives of dermatological research, 278(1), 31-36.
• Essential oils from C. limon, C. aurantifolia and C. limonia had a significant anti-inflammatory effect in vivo, likely related to the limonene constituent. However, C. aurantifolia, caused myelotoxicity in mice, likely related to the citral constituent. From: Amorim, J. L., Simas, D. L. R., Pinheiro, M. M. G., Moreno, D. S. A., Alviano, C. S., da Silva, A. J. R., & Fernandes, P. D. (2016). Anti-inflammatory properties and chemical characterization of the essential oils of four citrus species. PloS one, 11(4), e0153643.
• Furocoumarins have shown in research to have significant antimicrobial, insecticidal, and cancer inhibiting activity. However, there is also a phototoxic effect and there can be interference with drug metabolism. Furocoumarins are found in grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange, carrot, celery, parsnip, dill, parsley, cilantro, cumin, coriander, turnip, and fig. From: Melough, M. M., Cho, E., & Chun, O. K. (2018). Furocoumarins: a review of biochemical activities, dietary sources and intake, and potential health risks. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 113, 99-107.

ANTIMICROBIAL / ANTIBACTERIAL

• The antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from Citrus maxima (grapefruit), Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) , Citrus aurantifolia (key lime) and Limonia acidissima (woodapple) were assessed against five Gram-positive and ten Gram-negative bacteria, and a fungal strain: Candida albicans.  C. maxima and C. aurantifolia demonstrated antimicrobial properties, even when compared with positive controls antibiotics of ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole.The organisms most sensitive to the essential oils were Acinetobacter baumannii and those most resistant were Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.  From:  Chintaluri, A. K., Komarraju, A. L., Chintaluri, V. K., & Vemulapalli, B. (2015). Comparative study of antimicrobial activity of essential oils of selected plants of Rutaceae and TLC bioautographic studies for detection of bioactive compounds. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 27(1), 9-16.  Link:  http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2014.974837
• Clove, kaffir lime peels, cardamom, coriander, and cumin showed various antibacterial activities. From:  Nanasombat, S., & Lohasupthawee, P. (2005). Antibacterial activity of crude ethanolic extracts and essential oils of spices against Salmonellae and other enterobacteria. Kmitl Sci. Tech. J, 5(3), 527-538.
• Citrus aurantifolia (lime) and Citrus limon (lemon) showed lethal effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria.  From:  Adedeji, G. B., Fagade, O. E., & Oyelade, A. A. (2007). Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinical samples and its sensitivity to citrus extract. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 10(2).
• Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus paradisi (grapefruit), Citrus bergamia (bergamot), Citrus aurantium (bitter orange), Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), and Citrus reticulata (mandarin) showed antimicrobial activity against multiple bacteria, fungi, and candida species in vitro.  From:  Kirbaşlar, F. G., Tavman, A., Dülger, B., & Türker, G. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of Turkish Citrus peel oils. Pak J Bot, 41(6), 3207-12.
• Out of 21 oils tested, cinnamon, clove, geranium, lemon, lime, orange and rosemary exhibited the strongest activity against the tested bacteria. From:  Prabuseenivasan, S., Jayakumar, M., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2006). In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 6(1), 1.
• Lime essential oil from the leaves and fruit peel were antibacterial against tested oral bacteria in vitro. From: Lemes, R. S., Alves, C. C., Estevam, E. B., Santiago, M. B., Martins, C. H., SANTOS, T. C. D., … & Miranda, M. L. (2018). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Citrus aurantifolia leaves and fruit peel against oral pathogenic bacteria. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 90(2), 1285-1292.
• Stems from orange and lime trees have been used as chewing sticks to clean teeth and freshen breathe. In vitro studies showed extracts of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantifolia were active against pathogens found on teeth. From: Nata’ala, M. K., Dalhat, M. H., Omoye, B. S., Isah, A. A., Kabiru, S., Bashiru, I., & Umar, F. A. (2018). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck [Orange] and Citrus aurantifolia (Cristm.) Swingle [Lime] Stem from Bacteria Associated with Dental Caries. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 1-9.
• Essential oil from the leaves of Citrus aurantifolia had an in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant effect. From: Al-Aamri, M. S., Al-Abousi, N. M., Al-Jabri, S. S., Alam, T., & Khan, S. A. (2018). Chemical composition and in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia L. leaves grown in Eastern Oman. Journal of Taibah University medical sciences, 13(2), 108-112.
• Citrus essential oils showed a variety of effectiveness against foodborne pathogens in vitro. From: Restuccia, C., Conti, G. O., Zuccarello, P., Parafati, L., Cristaldi, A., & Ferrante, M. (2019). Efficacy of different citrus essential oils to inhibit the growth and B1 aflatoxin biosynthesis of Aspergillus flavus. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-10.
• Limonene and thymol were strongest against the Fusarium verticillioides maze fungus in vitro.  From:  Dambolena, J. S., López, A. G., Cánepa, M. C., Theumer, M. G., Zygadlo, J. A., & Rubinstein, H. R. (2008). Inhibitory effect of cyclic terpenes (limonene, menthol, menthone and thymol) on Fusarium verticillioides MRC 826 growth and fumonisin B1 biosynthesis. Toxicon, 51(1), 37-44.
• The antimicrobial activity of of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol were assessed.  From:  Di Pasqua, R., Hoskins, N., Betts, G., & Mauriello, G. (2006). Changes in membrane fatty acids composition of microbial cells induced by addiction of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol in the growing media. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(7), 2745-2749.

ANTIOXIDANT

• In a summary of research, it was concluded that flavonoids from citrus fruits have antioxidant activity that may help reduce disease like cancer and inflammation. From: Asjad, H. M. M., Akhtar, M. S., Bashir, S., Din, B., Gulzar, F., Khalid, R., & Asad, M. (2013). Phenol, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of six common citrus plants in Pakistan. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Sciences, 1(1), 1-5.
• Flavonoids and other constituents isolated from citrus demonstrated antioxidant activities in vitro. From: Yu, J., Wang, L., Walzem, R. L., Miller, E. G., Pike, L. M., & Patil, B. S. (2005). Antioxidant activity of citrus limonoids, flavonoids, and coumarins. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(6), 2009-2014.
• Antioxidant activity of two types of lime juice were determined. From: Shafreen, R. B., Lubinska-Szczygeł, M., Różańska, A., Dymerski, T., Namieśnik, J., Katrich, E., & Gorinstein, S. (2018). Human serum interactions with phenolic and aroma substances of Kaffir (Citrus hystrix) and Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juices. Journal of Luminescence, 201, 115-122.
• In a summary of research, hesperidin is a bioflavonoid found in high concentrations in citrus fruit with a significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. From: Tejada, S., Pinya, S., Martorell, M., Capó, X., Tur, J. A., Pons, A., & Sureda, A. (2018). Potential anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin from the genus Citrus. Current medicinal chemistry, 25(37), 4929-4945.
• Essential oil from the leaves of Citrus aurantifolia had an in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant effect. From: Al-Aamri, M. S., Al-Abousi, N. M., Al-Jabri, S. S., Alam, T., & Khan, S. A. (2018). Chemical composition and in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia L. leaves grown in Eastern Oman. Journal of Taibah University medical sciences, 13(2), 108-112.
• Phenolic components from citrus fruits showed antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypotensive activities in vitro.   From: Alu’Datt, M. H., Rababah, T., Alhamad, M. N., Al-Mahasneh, M. A., Ereifej, K., Al-Karaki, G., … & Ghozlan, K. A. (2017). Profiles of free and bound phenolics extracted from Citrus fruits and their roles in biological systems: content, and antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive properties. Food & function, 8(9), 3187-3197.

PRESERVATIVE

• Citrus essential oils showed a variety of effectiveness against foodborne pathogens in vitro. From: Restuccia, C., Conti, G. O., Zuccarello, P., Parafati, L., Cristaldi, A., & Ferrante, M. (2019). Efficacy of different citrus essential oils to inhibit the growth and B1 aflatoxin biosynthesis of Aspergillus flavus. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-10.

PESTICIDAL / REPELLENT

• Against the red mite, the following oils were acaricidal:  bay, cade, cinnamon, clove bud, coriander, horseradish, lime, mustard, pennyroyal, pimento berry, spearmint, thyme red and thyme white oils.  From:  Kim, S. I., Yi, J. H., Tak, J. H., & Ahn, Y. J. (2004). Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Veterinary parasitology, 120(4), 297-304.
• Phytochemical extracts from citrus fruit peels (Citrus sinensis, Citrus limonum,Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus reticulata and Citrus vitus) at a dilution of 20-25% applied topically on human volunteers repelled insects for 2-5 hours.  From:  Effiom, O. E., Avoaja, D. A., & Ohaeri, C. C. (2012). Mosquito repellent activity of phytochemical extracts from peels of citrus fruit species. Global J Sci Front Res Interdisc, 12(1).
• Citrus sinensis, Citrus limon and Citrus aurantifolia peels extracts were effective against termites. From: Ito, E., & Ukpohwo, R. (2018). Termiticidal Efficacy of Citrus Peel Extracts against Termites (Macrotermes bellicosus). Journal of Biological Studies, 1(3), 98-105.
• These tested citrus essential oils are listed in order of repelling effectiveness against two mosquito species when applied to human skin: C. aurantifolia, C. microcarpa, C. maxima, C. reticulate, C. sinensis, C. hystrix, C. aurantium, and C. medica var sarcodaclylis. From: Soonwera, M. (2015). Efficacy of essential oils from Citrus plants against mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Journal of Agricultural Technology, 11(3), 669-681.

ANTI-PARASITIC

• In a review of research, the following plants showed antimalarial activities: Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy), Artemisia annua (wormwood), Citrus aurantifolia (lime), Nauclea pobeguinni (nauclea), Nycthanthes arbor-tristis (night flowering jasmine), and Vernonia amygdalina (grawa). From: Aracil, A., & Green, J. (2019). Plants with antimalarial properties: A systematic review of the current clinical evidence. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 28, 76-85.
• Essential oils of lime, Roman chamomile, and lavender were anti-parasitic in vitro against Haemonchus contortus. From: Ferreira, L. E., Benincasa, B. I., Fachin, A. L., Contini, S. H. T., França, S. C., Chagas, A. C. S., & Beleboni, R. O. (2018). Essential oils of Citrus aurantifolia, Anthemis nobile and Lavandula officinalis: in vitro anthelmintic activities against Haemonchus contortus. Parasites & vectors, 11(1), 269.

COMMON COLD

• In a large double blind study, vitamin C reduced the duration and symptoms of the common cold.  From:  Anderson, T. W., Reid, D. B. W., & Beaton, G. H. (1972). Vitamin C and the common cold: a double-blind trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 107(6), 503.

ANXIETY

• Massage with lime oil reduced stress.  From:  Saiyudthong, S., Ausavarungnirun, R., Jiwajinda, S., & Turakitwanakan, W. (2009). Effects of aromatherapy massage with lime essential oil on stress. International Journal of Essential Oil Therapeutics, 3(2/3), 76-80.
• Limonene aromatherapy had an anxiolytic effect on mice.  From:  Lima, N. G., De Sousa, D. P., Pimenta, F. C. F., Alves, M. F., De Souza, F. S., Macedo, R. O., … & de Almeida, R. N. (2013). Anxiolytic-like activity and GC–MS analysis of (R)-(+)-limonene fragrance, a natural compound found in foods and plants. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 103(3), 450-454.
• Limonene had an antioxidant and anxiolytic effect on mice.  From:  de Almeida, A. A. C., de Carvalho, R. B. F., Silva, O. A., de Sousa, D. P., & de Freitas, R. M. (2014). Potential antioxidant and anxiolytic effects of (+)-limonene epoxide in mice after marble-burying test. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 118, 69-78.
• Ingesting lemon essential oil containing components such as limonene and citral reduces both physical and psychological stress.  From:  Fukumoto, S., Morishita, A., Furutachi, K., Terashima, T., Nakayama, T., & Yokogoshi, H. (2008). Effect of flavour components in lemon essential oil on physical or psychological stress. Stress and Health, 24(1), 3-12.
• Limonene reduced stress related to GABA receptors.  From:  Zhou, W., Yoshioka, M., & Yokogoshi, H. (2009). Sub-chronic effects of s-limonene on brain neurotransmitter levels and behavior of rats. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology, 55(4), 367-373.

ANTI-CANCER

• In a review of 17 studies, it was concluded that intake of citrus fruits was associated with a 50% reduction of risk in cavity and pharyngeal cancer. From: Cirmi, S., Navarra, M., Woodside, J. V., & Cantwell, M. M. (2018). Citrus fruits intake and oral cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacological research, 133, 187-194.
• In a meta-review including 17 studies, there was an inverse relationship between ingesting citrus fruit and oral cancer. From: Cirmi, S., Navarra, M., Woodside, J. V., & Cantwell, M. M. (2018). Citrus fruits intake and oral cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacological research, 133, 187-194.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

• In a summary of research, hesperidin is a bioflavonoid found in high concentrations in citrus fruit with a significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. From: Tejada, S., Pinya, S., Martorell, M., Capó, X., Tur, J. A., Pons, A., & Sureda, A. (2018). Potential anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin from the genus Citrus. Current medicinal chemistry, 25(37), 4929-4945.
• Essential oils from C. limon, C. latifolia, C. aurantifolia or C. limonia showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activities. In high concentration, C. aurantifolia induced myelotoxicity in mice. From: Amorim, J. L., Simas, D. L. R., Pinheiro, M. M. G., Moreno, D. S. A., Alviano, C. S., da Silva, A. J. R., & Fernandes, P. D. (2016). Anti-inflammatory properties and chemical characterization of the essential oils of four citrus species. PloS one, 11(4), e0153643.

DIGESTIVE AID

• In a review of research, eating citrus fruits help reduce inflammatory bowel disease. From: Musumeci, L., Maugeri, A., Cirmi, S., Lombardo, G. E., Russo, C., Gangemi, S., … & Navarra, M. (2019). Citrus fruits and their flavonoids in inflammatory bowel disease: an overview. Natural product research, 1-15.
• In a review of research, flavones from citrus fruits can help improve digestive health. From: Stevens, Y., Rymenant, E. V., Grootaert, C., Camp, J. V., Possemiers, S., Masclee, A., & Jonkers, D. (2019). The Intestinal Fate of Citrus Flavanones and Their Effects on Gastrointestinal Health. Nutrients, 11(7), 1464.

ORAL HEALTH

• In a meta-review including 17 studies, there was an inverse relationship between ingesting citrus fruit and oral cancer. From: Cirmi, S., Navarra, M., Woodside, J. V., & Cantwell, M. M. (2018). Citrus fruits intake and oral cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacological research, 133, 187-194.
• Lime essential oil from the leaves and fruit peel were antibacterial against tested oral bacteria in vitro. From: Lemes, R. S., Alves, C. C., Estevam, E. B., Santiago, M. B., Martins, C. H., SANTOS, T. C. D., … & Miranda, M. L. (2018). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Citrus aurantifolia leaves and fruit peel against oral pathogenic bacteria. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 90(2), 1285-1292.
• Stems from orange and lime trees have been used as chewing sticks to clean teeth and freshen breathe. In vitro studies showed extracts of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantifolia were active against pathogens found on teeth. From: Nata’ala, M. K., Dalhat, M. H., Omoye, B. S., Isah, A. A., Kabiru, S., Bashiru, I., & Umar, F. A. (2018). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck [Orange] and Citrus aurantifolia (Cristm.) Swingle [Lime] Stem from Bacteria Associated with Dental Caries. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 1-9.

HYPOLIPIDEMIC

• Cholesterol, triglyceride, liver fat, and obesity was improved in rats given lime essential oil for eight weeks. From: Lin, L. Y., Chuang, C. H., Chen, H. C., & Yang, K. M. (2019). Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) Essential Oils: Volatile Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hypolipidemic Effect. Foods, 8(9), 398.

HYPOTENSIVE

• Phenolic components from citrus fruits showed antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypotensive activities in vitro.   From: Alu’Datt, M. H., Rababah, T., Alhamad, M. N., Al-Mahasneh, M. A., Ereifej, K., Al-Karaki, G., … & Ghozlan, K. A. (2017). Profiles of free and bound phenolics extracted from Citrus fruits and their roles in biological systems: content, and antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive properties. Food & function, 8(9), 3187-3197.

WEIGHT

• Cholesterol, triglyceride, liver fat, and obesity was improved in rats given lime essential oil for eight weeks. From: Lin, L. Y., Chuang, C. H., Chen, H. C., & Yang, K. M. (2019). Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) Essential Oils: Volatile Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hypolipidemic Effect. Foods, 8(9), 398.

ANTIDIABETIC

• Essential oil from the leaves of lime were high in d-limonene and anti-diabetic in vivo. From: Ibrahim, F. A., Usman, L. A., Akolade, J. O., Idowu, O. A., Abdulazeez, A. T., & Amuzat, A. O. (2019). Antidiabetic Potentials of Citrus aurantifolia Leaf Essential Oil. Drug research, 69(04), 201-206.
• In a review of research, flavone glycosides (naringin, hesperidin, and diosmin) found in citrus fruit have an anti-diabetic effect. From: Srinivasan, S., Vinothkumar, V., & Murali, R. (2019). Antidiabetic Efficacy of Citrus Fruits With Special Allusion to Flavone Glycosides. In Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes (pp. 335-346). Academic Press.
• Neohesperidin from Citrus aurantium was antidiabetic in vivo. From: Jia, S., Hu, Y., Zhang, W., Zhao, X., Chen, Y., Sun, C., … & Chen, K. (2015). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of neohesperidin derived from Citrus aurantium L. in diabetic KK-A y mice. Food & function, 6(3), 878-886.
• Phenolic components from citrus fruits showed antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypotensive activities in vitro.   From: Alu’Datt, M. H., Rababah, T., Alhamad, M. N., Al-Mahasneh, M. A., Ereifej, K., Al-Karaki, G., … & Ghozlan, K. A. (2017). Profiles of free and bound phenolics extracted from Citrus fruits and their roles in biological systems: content, and antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive properties. Food & function, 8(9), 3187-3197.

SPASMOLYTIC

• Carvone and limonene showed involuntary muscle spasmolytic activity in vitro. From: de Sousa, D. P., Mesquita, R. F., de Araújo Ribeiro, L. A., & de Lima, J. T. (2015). Spasmolytic activity of carvone and limonene enantiomers. Natural product communications, 10(11), 1934578X1501001120.

DRUG ABSORPTION

• D-limonene and to a lesser degree, L-limonene, both showed enhanced skin absorption.  From:  Zhang, C. F., Yang, Z. L., & Luo, J. B. (2006). Effects of D-limonene and L-limonene on transdermal absorption of ligustrazine hydrochloride. Yao xue xue bao= Acta pharmaceutica Sinica, 41(8), 772-777.

Compiled by: Kathy Sadowski

Last Updated: 9/11/19