Oral Health

Botanical extracts have shown positive research in aiding oral health.  Oral bacteria and fungal infections have been reduced with the essential oils such as lavender, geranium, tea tree, and peppermint, as well as the constituent: thymol as found in thyme.

Oral Health Recipes

Benefits of Growing Marigolds in Your Garden

Easy Breezy Minty Toothpaste Recipe

Easy Cardamom Tea Recipe

Herbal Mouthwash Recipe

Honey

There are Many Benefits of Yarrow

Toothache Clove Oil Recipe

Blog Articles

Benefits of Growing Marigolds in Your Garden

Noni Berries: Not so Delicious, but Quite Nutricious!

There are Many Benefits of Yarrow

RESEARCH

The listings of research below represent a compilation of scientific articles found on the topic, with a very brief overview description of each article/study.  This compilation of research articles does not necessarily imply that there are adequate results to demonstrate safe and/or effective human use of any herb listed.

GENERAL

• Clinical studies of botanicals used to improve oral mucosa in cancer patients is reviewed. From: Nagi, R., Patil, D. J., Rakesh, N., Jain, S., & Sahu, S. (2018). Natural agents in the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients-systematic review. Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research, 8(3), 245-254.
• A variety of essential oils used in dental hygiene products help to reduce malodor and oral bacteria.  From: Lourith, N., & Kanlayavattanakul, M. (2010). Oral malodour and active ingredients for treatment. International journal of cosmetic science, 32(5), 321-329.
• Oral antibacterial effectiveness of essential oils is reviewed.  Oils include: Achillea ligustica (yarrow), Baccharis dracunculifolia, Croton cajucara (sacaca), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese red cedar), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), Lippia sidoides, Ocimum americanum (basil), and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). Constituents worth mentioning include menthol and eugenol.  From:  Freires, I. A., Denny, C., Benso, B., de Alencar, S. M., & Rosalen, P. L. (2015). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules, 20(4), 7329-7358.
• In two clinical trials with 86 and 97 participants, using essential oil dentifrices were more effective than the control in controlling oral malodor.  From:  Olshan, A. M., Kohut, B. E., Vincent, J. W., Borden, L. C., Delgado, N., Qaqish, J., … & McGuire, J. A. (2000). Clinical effectiveness of essential oil-containing dentifrices in controlling oral malodor. Am J Dent, 13(Spec No), 18C-22C.
• In a six month trial with 108 randomized subjects, an essential oil mouth rinse proved effective in treating plaque and malodor.  From: Charles, C. H., Mostler, K. M., Bartels, L. L., & Mankodi, S. M. (2004). Comparative antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness of a chlorhexidine and an essential oil mouthrinse: 6‐month clinical trial. Journal of clinical periodontology, 31(10), 878-884.
• This article reviews plants used in oral health and includes pomegranate, German chamomile, green tea, Diospyros mespiliformis, Diospyros lycioides, Salvadora persica, honey and propolis from the manuka tree, rhubarb, raisins, essential oils (thyme, cajuput, manuka, and verbena), probiotics and mushrooms. From: Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Tropica, 154, 6-18.

ACACIA

• In a two week double blind study with 60 gingivitis patients, an herbal toothpaste comprised of Acacia chundra, Adhatoda vasica, Mimusops elengi, Piper nigrum, Pongamia pinnata, Quercus infectoria, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula, and Zingiber officinale reduced gingivitis and oral microbes. From: Jayashankar, S., Panagoda, G. J., Amaratunga, E. A. P. D., Perera, K., & Rajapakse, P. S. (2011). A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study on the effects of a herbal toothpaste on gingival bleeding, oral hygiene and microbial variables. Ceylon Medical Journal, 56(1).

AJOWAN

• An herbal mouthwash containing Salvadora persica (toothbrush tree), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Piper betle (betel), Gaultheria fragrantissima (Indian Wintergreen), Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom), Peppermint satva (peppermint), and Trachyspermum ammi (ajowan) was assessed in this randomized study of 90 nursing students.  It improved plaque and gingivitis issues over this 21 day study.  From:  Bagchi, S., Saha, S., Jagannath, G., Reddy, V., & Sinha, P. (2015). Evaluation of efficacy of a commercially available herbal mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis: A double-blinded parallel randomized controlled trial. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, 13(3), 222-222.

ALOE

• In this review of research, the author concludes: pomegranate, aloe, green tea, and miswak have a large amount of evidence supporting their effectiveness against gingivitis. From:  Safiaghdam, H., Oveissi, V., Bahramsoltani, R., Farzaei, M. H., & Rahimi, R. (2018). Medicinal plants for gingivitis: a review of clinical trials. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 21(10), 978.
• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.
• A product containing aloe vera and peppermint was taken for 5 days by patients in intensive care. It relieved mouth dryness, prevented dental plaque formation, and improved oral health compared to the placebo.  Atashi, V., Yazdannik, A., Mahjobipoor, H., Ghafari, S., Bekhradi, R., & Yousefi, H. (2018). The effects of Aloe vera-Peppermint (Veramin) moisturizing gel on mouth dryness and oral health among patients hospitalized in intensive care units: A triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of research in pharmacy practice, 7(2), 104.

BAKING SODA

• Two dental products high in baking soda (Arm & Hammer Dental Care and Arm & Hammer PeroxiCare) showed in two human studies to reduce mouth odor.  From:  Brunette, D. M. (1997). Effects of baking-soda-containing dentifrices on oral malodor. Compendium of continuing education in dentistry.(Jamesburg, NJ: 1995). Supplement, 18(21), S22-32.

BASIL

• In an 8 day study with 45 high school aged children, a tulsi mouthwash reduced salivary Streptocococcus mutans as much as common mouthwash brands.  From:  Agarwal, P., & Nagesh, L. (2011). Comparative evaluation of efficacy of 0.2% Chlorhexidine, Listerine and Tulsi extract mouth rinses on salivary Streptococcus mutans count of high school children—RCT. Contemporary clinical trials, 32(6), 802-808.
• In this review of research of herbs to help with gingivitis, neem, clove, holy basil, cranberry, frankincense, pomegranate, and guava were mentioned.  From:  Lakshmi, T., Rajesvari, R., Selvaraj, A., & Parameswari, R. (2017). Herbal care for dental plaque-induced gingivitis: A review. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research| Jul-Sep, 7(3).
• Oral antibacterial effectiveness of essential oils is reviewed.  Oils include: Achillea ligustica (yarrow), Baccharis dracunculifolia, Croton cajucara (sacaca), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese red cedar), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), Lippia sidoides, Ocimum americanum (basil), and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). Constituents worth mentioning include menthol and eugenol.  From:  Freires, I. A., Denny, C., Benso, B., de Alencar, S. M., & Rosalen, P. L. (2015). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules, 20(4), 7329-7358.
• In a triple blind randomized control trial with 108 medical students, Ocimum sanctum mouthwash was as effective as chlorhexidine on dental plaque and gingivitis. From:  Gupta, D., Bhaskar, D. J., Gupta, R. K., Karim, B., Jain, A., Singh, R., & Karim, W. (2014). A randomized controlled clinical trial of Ocimum sanctum and chlorhexidine mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 5(2), 109.
• In a double blind clinical 3 day cross over study with 15 volunteers, chlorhexidine digluconate and a 10% basil mouthwash were able to inhibit plaque re-growth.  From:  Pimenta, M. S., Lobo, N. S. G., Vieira, V. C., Costa, Â. M. A. D., Costa, F. N. D., & Pereira, S. L. D. S. (2016). Effect of Ocimum gratissimum in mouthrinses on de novo plaque formation. A randomized clinical trial. Brazilian Dental Journal, 27(6), 646-651.
• In a small 90 day study with 30 participants, mouth rinse containing Ocimum gratissimum was as effective against plaque and gingivitis as chlorhexidine digluconate. From:  da Silva Pereira, S. L. S., de Oliveira, J. W. G., Ângelo, K. K. S. V., da Costa, A. M. A., & Costa, F. N. (2011). Clinical effect of a mouth rinse containing Ocimum gratissimum on plaque and gingivitis control. J Contemp Dent Pract, 12, 350-355.
• In this study, 30 subjects were randomly assigned to a basil mouthwash, chlorhexidine, or sterile water, to be taken twice a day for 4 days.  Holy basil showed inhibition of the oral pathogens: P. intermedia and F. nucleatum.  From:  Hosamane, M., Acharya, A. B., Vij, C., Trivedi, D., Setty, S. B., & Thakur, S. L. (2014). Evaluation of holy basil mouthwash as an adjunctive plaque control agent in a four day plaque regrowth model. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry, 6(5), e491.
• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.
• Ethenol extracts from Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, and Zingiber officinale showed antimicrobial activity against most tested oral microbes. From: Gauniyal, P., & Teotia, U. V. S. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against oral flora. Asian Pac J Health Sci, 1(3), 255-63.

BERGAMOT

• Both Citrus limonum and Citrus aurantium essential oils are effective in controlling microbes in the oral cavity.  From:  Oliveira, S. A. C., Zambrana, J. R. M., Di Iorio, F. B. R., Pereira, C. A., & Jorge, A. O. C. (2014). The antimicrobial effects of Citrus limonum and Citrus aurantium essential oils on multi-species biofilms. Brazilian oral research, 28(1), 22-27.
• This mega-analysis discussed the research on the therapeutic actions of bergamot.  Modern medicine utilizes the plant as an antiseptic and antibacterial.  Human studies have demonstrated the aroma to be anxiolytic and help with insomnia.  Italian folk remedies rely on the plant to reduce fever, and as an anti-parasite, antiseptic, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antibacterial.  It has been used by Italian people to treat skin, oral, respiratory, urinary, and vaginal infections.  From:  Navarra, M., Mannucci, C., Delbò, M., & Calapai, G. (2015). Citrus bergamia essential oil: from basic research to clinical application. Frontiers in pharmacology, 6, 36.

BLACK PEPPER

• In a two week double blind study with 60 gingivitis patients, an herbal toothpaste comprised of Acacia chundra, Adhatoda vasica, Mimusops elengi, Piper nigrum, Pongamia pinnata, Quercus infectoria, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula, and Zingiber officinale reduced gingivitis and oral microbes. From: Jayashankar, S., Panagoda, G. J., Amaratunga, E. A. P. D., Perera, K., & Rajapakse, P. S. (2011). A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study on the effects of a herbal toothpaste on gingival bleeding, oral hygiene and microbial variables. Ceylon Medical Journal, 56(1).
• In a study of 80 participants, an herbal toothpaste that included about 9 herbs, including clove, ginger, and black pepper, helped reduced gingivitis.  From:  Howshigan, J., Perera, K., Samita, S., & Rajapakse, P. S. (2015). The effects of an Ayurvedic medicinal toothpaste on clinical, microbiological and oral hygiene parameters in patients with chronic gingivitis: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel allocation clinical trial. Ceylon. Med. J, 126-132.
• Ethenol extracts from Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, and Zingiber officinale showed antimicrobial activity against most tested oral microbes. From: Gauniyal, P., & Teotia, U. V. S. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against oral flora. Asian Pac J Health Sci, 1(3), 255-63.

BURDOCK

• Arctium lappa showed antimicrobial activity against endodontic pathogens.  From:  Pereira, J. V., Bergamo, D. C. B., Pereira, J. O., França, S. D. C., Pietro, R. C. L. R., & Silva-Sousa, Y. T. C. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of Arctium lappa constituents against microorganisms commonly found in endodontic infections. Brazilian dental journal, 16(3), 192-196.

CAJEPUT

• This article reviews plants used in oral health and includes pomegranate, German chamomile, green tea, Diospyros mespiliformis, Diospyros lycioides, Salvadora persica, honey and propolis from the manuka tree, rhubarb, raisins, essential oils (thyme, cajuput, manuka, and verbena), probiotics and mushrooms. From: Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Tropica, 154, 6-18.

CALENDULA

• A mouthwash containing 5% extracts from ginger, rosemary, and calendula was effective against gingivitis and plaque in 50 patients in this double blind randomized placebo controlled study.  From:  Mahyari, S., Mahyari, B., Emami, S. A., Malaekeh-Nikouei, B., Jahanbakhsh, S. P., Sahebkar, A., & Mohammadpour, A. H. (2016). Evaluation of the efficacy of a polyherbal mouthwash containing Zingiber officinale, Rosmarinus officinalis and Calendula officinalis extracts in patients with gingivitis: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 22, 93-98.

CARDAMOM

• In this study of 50 subjects, chewing fennel and cardamom seeds improved oral saliva and plaque pH.  From:  Swathi, V., Rekha, R., Abhishek, J., Radha, G., Pallavi, S. K., & Gadde, P. (2016). Effect of chewing fennel and cardamom seeds on dental plaque and salivary ph–a randomized controlled trial. Int J Pharm Sci Res, 7(1), 406-412.
• An herbal mouthwash containing Salvadora persica (toothbrush tree), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Piper betle (betel), Gaultheria fragrantissima (Indian Wintergreen), Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom), Peppermint satva (peppermint), and Trachyspermum ammi (ajowan) was assessed in this randomized study of 90 nursing students.  It improved plaque and gingivitis issues over this 21 day study.  From:  Bagchi, S., Saha, S., Jagannath, G., Reddy, V., & Sinha, P. (2015). Evaluation of efficacy of a commercially available herbal mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis: A double-blinded parallel randomized controlled trial. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, 13(3), 222-222.
• A review of the benefits of cardamom in oral health was provided.  From:  Jesylne, P., Soundarajan, S., Murthykumar, K., & Meenakshi, M. (2016). The Role of Cardamom Oil in Oral Health: A Short Review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 9(3), 272.
• Cardamom can be used as an antimicrobial agents to treat dental caries.  From:  Aneja, K. R., & Joshi, R. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of Amomum subulatum and Elettaria cardamomum against dental caries causing microorganisms. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 2009(7), 3.

CARROT SEED

• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.

CARVACROL

• The constituents of eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene were effective against oral bacteria.  From:  Miladi, H., Zmantar, T., Kouidhi, B., Al Qurashi, Y. M. A., Bakhrouf, A., Chaabouni, Y., … & Chaieb, K. (2017). Synergistic effect of eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene on inhibition of drug resistance and biofilm formation of oral bacteria. Microbial pathogenesis, 112, 156-163.
• The essential oil of Lippia sidoides (verbena), and its major components thymol and carvacrol exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against oral bacteria in vitro.  From:  Botelho, M. A., Nogueira, N. A. P., Bastos, G. M., Fonseca, S. G. C., Lemos, T. L. G., Matos, F. J. A., … & Brito, G. A. C. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 40(3), 349-356.

CINNAMON / CINNAMALDEHYDE

• Cinnamon bark and clove bud oil were among the natural substances effective against oral bacteria.  From:  Saeki, Y., Ito, Y., Shibata, M., Sato, Y., Okuda, K., & Takazoe, I. (1989). Antimicrobial action of natural substances on oral bacteria. The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College, 30(3), 129-135.
• Cinnamon and eucalyptus oils showed antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens. From: Fani, M. M., & Kohanteb, J. (2019). Inhibitory activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and eucalyptus globulus oils on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida species isolated from patients with oral infections. Journal of Dentistry, 11(Supplement Winter 2011), 14-22.
• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.
• Cinnamon bark essential oil and its cinnamaldehyde constituent were antibacterial against the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivitis. From: Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Shi, Y. Q., Pan, X. H., Lu, Y. H., & Cao, P. (2018). Antibacterial effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark essential oil on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microbial pathogenesis, 116, 26-32.
• Cinnamon essential oil reduced oral candida in vitro. From: Rangel, M. D. L., Aquino, S. G. D., Lima, J. M. D., Castellano, L. R., & Castro, R. D. D. (2018). In vitro effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume essential oil on Candida spp. involved in oral infections. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018.

CISTUS

• C. incanus herbal tea extracts reduced Streptococcus adhesion on tooth enamel in vitro. From: Wittpahl, G., Koelling-Speer, I., Basche, S., Herrmann, E., Hannig, M., Speer, K., & Hannig, C. (2015). The polyphenolic composition of Cistus incanus herbal tea and its antibacterial and anti-adherent activity against Streptococcus mutans. Planta medica, 81(18), 1727-1735.

CITRONELLA

• The essential oil from Cymbopogan nardus and its citronellal constituent reduced C. albican adherence to dental implants and screws.  From:  Trindade, L. A., de Araújo Oliveira, J., de Castro, R. D., & de Oliveira Lima, E. (2015). Inhibition of adherence of C. albicans to dental implants and cover screws by Cymbopogon nardus essential oil and citronellal. Clinical oral investigations, 19(9), 2223-2231.

CLOVE

• In a randomized controlled clinical study with 40 patients having moderate or severe periodontitis, an herbal mouthwash was assessed compared to a placebo. Both were taken twice a day for two minutes for 3 months. The herbal mouthwash contained Propolis resin extract, Plantago lanceolata, Salvia officinalis leaves extract, and 1.75% of essential oils (Salvia officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum buds, Mentha piperita leaves, Commiphora myrrha oleoresin and Pistacia lentiscus oleoresin). Results showed the herbal mouthwash reduced bleeding and plaque. From: Sparabombe, S., Monterubbianesi, R., Tosco, V., Orilisi, G., Hosein, A., Ferrante, L., … & Orsini, G. (2019). Efficacy of an all-natural polyherbal mouthwash in patients with periodontitis: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 632.
• In a two week double blind study with 60 gingivitis patients, an herbal toothpaste comprised of Acacia chundra, Adhatoda vasica, Mimusops elengi, Piper nigrum, Pongamia pinnata, Quercus infectoria, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula, and Zingiber officinale reduced gingivitis and oral microbes. From: Jayashankar, S., Panagoda, G. J., Amaratunga, E. A. P. D., Perera, K., & Rajapakse, P. S. (2011). A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study on the effects of a herbal toothpaste on gingival bleeding, oral hygiene and microbial variables. Ceylon Medical Journal, 56(1).
• In this review of research of herbs to help with gingivitis, neem, clove, holy basil, cranberry, frankincense, pomegranate, and guava were mentioned.  From:  Lakshmi, T., Rajesvari, R., Selvaraj, A., & Parameswari, R. (2017). Herbal care for dental plaque-induced gingivitis: A review. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research| Jul-Sep, 7(3).
• Oral antibacterial effectiveness of essential oils is reviewed.  Oils include: Achillea ligustica (yarrow), Baccharis dracunculifolia, Croton cajucara (sacaca), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese red cedar), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), Lippia sidoides, Ocimum americanum (basil), and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). Constituents worth mentioning include menthol and eugenol.  From:  Freires, I. A., Denny, C., Benso, B., de Alencar, S. M., & Rosalen, P. L. (2015). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules, 20(4), 7329-7358.
• In a study of 80 participants, an herbal toothpaste that included about 9 herbs, including clove, ginger, and black pepper, helped reduced gingivitis.  From:  Howshigan, J., Perera, K., Samita, S., & Rajapakse, P. S. (2015). The effects of an Ayurvedic medicinal toothpaste on clinical, microbiological and oral hygiene parameters in patients with chronic gingivitis: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel allocation clinical trial. Ceylon. Med. J, 126-132.
• Clove was antimicrobial against oral pathogens.  From:  Cai, L., & Wu, C. D. (1996). Compounds from Syzygium aromaticum possessing growth inhibitory activity against oral pathogens. Journal of Natural Products, 59(10), 987-990.
• innamon bark and clove bud oil were among the natural substances effective against oral bacteria.  From:  Saeki, Y., Ito, Y., Shibata, M., Sato, Y., Okuda, K., & Takazoe, I. (1989). Antimicrobial action of natural substances on oral bacteria. The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College, 30(3), 129-135.
• Ethenol extracts from Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, and Zingiber officinale showed antimicrobial activity against most tested oral microbes. From: Gauniyal, P., & Teotia, U. V. S. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against oral flora. Asian Pac J Health Sci, 1(3), 255-63.

CORIANDER

• Black pepper, bay, aniseed, and coriander were tested  against 176 bacterial isolates from the oral cavities of 200 individuals. Black pepper was 75% antibacterial, bay leaf was 53.4%, aniseed was 18.1%, and coriander did not show any antibacterial activity.  From:  Chaudhry, N. M., & Tariq, P. (2006). Bactericidal activity of black pepper, bay leaf, aniseed and coriander against oral isolates. Pak J Pharm Sci, 19(3), 214-218.
• Oral antibacterial effectiveness of essential oils is reviewed.  Oils include: Achillea ligustica (yarrow), Baccharis dracunculifolia, Croton cajucara (sacaca), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese red cedar), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), Lippia sidoides, Ocimum americanum (basil), and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). Constituents worth mentioning include menthol and eugenol.  From:  Freires, I. A., Denny, C., Benso, B., de Alencar, S. M., & Rosalen, P. L. (2015). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules, 20(4), 7329-7358.
• C. sativum essential oil was antifungal against oral candida in vitro. From: Furletti, V. F., Teixeira, I. P., Obando-Pereda, G., Mardegan, R. C., Sartoratto, A., Figueira, G. M., … & Höfling, J. F. (2011). Action of Coriandrum sativum L. essential oil upon oral Candida albicans biofilm formation. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011.

CRANBERRY

• In this review of research of herbs to help with gingivitis, neem, clove, holy basil, cranberry, frankincense, pomegranate, and guava were mentioned.  From:  Lakshmi, T., Rajesvari, R., Selvaraj, A., & Parameswari, R. (2017). Herbal care for dental plaque-induced gingivitis: A review. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research| Jul-Sep, 7(3).

CYPRESS

• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.

DILL

• In this randomized controlled, double blind parallel arm study 90 subjects used a dill seed oil mouth rinse or chlorhexidine mouth rinse for 90 days. The dill was just as effective as the chlorhexidine in reducing plaque and gingivitis. From: Eshwar, S., Rekha, K., Jain, V., Manvi, S., Kohli, S., & Bhatia, S. (2016). Suppl-1, M8: Comparison of Dill Seed Oil Mouth Rinse and Chlorhexidine Mouth Rinse on Plaque Levels and Gingivitis-A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. The open dentistry journal, 10, 207.

ECHINACEA

• In a study with 100 dental student volunteers, an herbal toothpaste containing chamomile, echinacea, sage, rhatany, myrrh and peppermint oil was just as effective as typical commercial toothpaste in oral hygiene measures.  From:  Mitra, D., Shah, S., Shah, R., Rodrigues, S., Pathare, P., & Vijayakar, H. (2015). Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of a Herbal Toothpaste in Comparison with a Triclosan Containing Toothpaste in a Population of Dental College Students–A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian Journal of Contemporary Dentistry, 3(2), 67-70.

EUCALYPTUS

• Cinnamon and eucalyptus oils showed antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens. From: Fani, M. M., & Kohanteb, J. (2019). Inhibitory activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and eucalyptus globulus oils on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida species isolated from patients with oral infections. Journal of Dentistry, 11(Supplement Winter 2011), 14-22.
• A mouth rinse containing thymol with eucalyptol and benzoic acid (Listerine) showed oral antifungal activity, especially against Candida albicans.  From:  Abirami, C. P., & Venugopal, P. V. (2005). Antifungal activity of three mouth rinses–in vitro study. Indian journal of pathology & microbiology, 48(1), 43-44.
• Essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Mentha spicata significantly retarded dental biofilm formation. From:  Rasooli, I., Shayegh, S., & Astaneh, S. D. A. (2009). The effect of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils on dental biofilm. International journal of dental hygiene, 7(3), 196-203.
• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.

EUGENOL

• Oral antibacterial effectiveness of essential oils is reviewed.  Oils include: Achillea ligustica (yarrow), Baccharis dracunculifolia, Croton cajucara (sacaca), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese red cedar), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), Lippia sidoides, Ocimum americanum (basil), and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). Constituents worth mentioning include menthol and eugenol.  From:  Freires, I. A., Denny, C., Benso, B., de Alencar, S. M., & Rosalen, P. L. (2015). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules, 20(4), 7329-7358.
• The constituents of eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene were effective against oral bacteria.  From:  Miladi, H., Zmantar, T., Kouidhi, B., Al Qurashi, Y. M. A., Bakhrouf, A., Chaabouni, Y., … & Chaieb, K. (2017). Synergistic effect of eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene on inhibition of drug resistance and biofilm formation of oral bacteria. Microbial pathogenesis, 112, 156-163.
• This article discussed the reduction of oral bacteria with eugenol and thyme.  From:  Meeker, H., & Linke, H. A. (1988). The antibacterial action of eugenol, thyme oil, and related essential oils used in dentistry. Compendium (Newtown, Pa.), 9(1).
• Against oral bacteria, Australian tea tree, peppermint, and sage oil as well as the thymol and eugenol constituents were potent.  From:  Shapiro, S., Meier, A., & Guggenheim, B. (1994). The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria. Oral microbiology and immunology, 9(4), 202-208.

FENNEL

• In this study of 50 subjects, chewing fennel and cardamom seeds improved oral saliva and plaque pH.  From:  Swathi, V., Rekha, R., Abhishek, J., Radha, G., Pallavi, S. K., & Gadde, P. (2016). Effect of chewing fennel and cardamom seeds on dental plaque and salivary ph–a randomized controlled trial. Int J Pharm Sci Res, 7(1), 406-412.

GARLIC

• Garlic extract inhibited oral bacteria. From:  Bakri, I. M., & Douglas, C. W. I. (2005). Inhibitory effect of garlic extract on oral bacteria. Archives of Oral Biology, 50(7), 645-651.
• Garlic and tea tree were effective against oral microorganisms.  From:  Groppo, F. C., Ramacciato, J. C., Simoes, R. P., Florio, F. M., & Sartoratto, A. (2002). Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. International dental journal, 52(6), 433-437.
• Ethenol extracts from Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, and Zingiber officinale showed antimicrobial activity against most tested oral microbes. From: Gauniyal, P., & Teotia, U. V. S. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against oral flora. Asian Pac J Health Sci, 1(3), 255-63.

GERANIUM

• Hospice patients with terminal cancer had improved oral health with using a mixture including geranium, lavender, tea tree, and peppermint.  From:  Kang, H. Y., Na, S. S., & Kim, Y. K. (2010). Effects of Oral Care with Essential Oil on Improvement in Oral Health Status of Hospice Patients. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 40(4).

GERMAN CHAMOMILE

• In a review of studies, including 11 human studies with 644 patients, Matricaria recutita was considered a promising treatment of oral mucositis. More studies are needed to determine the best treatment protocol. From: Gomes, V. T. S., Nonato Silva Gomes, R., Gomes, M. S., Joaquim, W. M., Lago, E. C., & Nicolau, R. A. (2018). Effects of Matricaria recutita (L.) in the Treatment of Oral Mucositis. The Scientific World Journal, 2018.
• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.
• In a study with 100 dental student volunteers, an herbal toothpaste containing chamomile, echinacea, sage, rhatany, myrrh and peppermint oil was just as effective as typical commercial toothpaste in oral hygiene measures.  From:  Mitra, D., Shah, S., Shah, R., Rodrigues, S., Pathare, P., & Vijayakar, H. (2015). Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of a Herbal Toothpaste in Comparison with a Triclosan Containing Toothpaste in a Population of Dental College Students–A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian Journal of Contemporary Dentistry, 3(2), 67-70.
• Chamomile may be an effective ingredient in teeth cleaning.  From:  Lahijani, S., Raoof Kateb, H. R., Heady, R., & Yazdani, D. (2006). The effect of German chamomile (Marticaria recutita L.) extract and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia L.) oil used as irrigants on removal of smear layer: a scanning electron microscopy study. International endodontic journal, 39(3), 190-195.
• In a double blind, controlled, crossover study of 25 patients, a mouthwash containing German chamomile reduced oral inflammation and plaque.  From:  Pourabbas, R., & Delazar, A. (2010). The effect of German chamomile mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 105-109.
• Oral mucositis was successfully treated with chamomile.  From:  Mazokopakis, E. E., Vrentzos, G. E., Papadakis, J. A., Babalis, D. E., & Ganotakis, E. S. (2005). Wild chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) mouthwashes in methotrexate-induced oral mucositis. Phytomedicine, 12(1), 25-27.
• This article reviews plants used in oral health and includes pomegranate, German chamomile, green tea, Diospyros mespiliformis, Diospyros lycioides, Salvadora persica, honey and propolis from the manuka tree, rhubarb, raisins, essential oils (thyme, cajuput, manuka, and verbena), probiotics and mushrooms. From: Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Tropica, 154, 6-18.

GINGER

• In a two week double blind study with 60 gingivitis patients, an herbal toothpaste comprised of Acacia chundra, Adhatoda vasica, Mimusops elengi, Piper nigrum, Pongamia pinnata, Quercus infectoria, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula, and Zingiber officinale reduced gingivitis and oral microbes. From: Jayashankar, S., Panagoda, G. J., Amaratunga, E. A. P. D., Perera, K., & Rajapakse, P. S. (2011). A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study on the effects of a herbal toothpaste on gingival bleeding, oral hygiene and microbial variables. Ceylon Medical Journal, 56(1).
• A mouthwash containing 5% extracts from ginger, rosemary, and calendula was effective against gingivitis and plaque in 50 patients in this double blind randomized placebo controlled study.  From:  Mahyari, S., Mahyari, B., Emami, S. A., Malaekeh-Nikouei, B., Jahanbakhsh, S. P., Sahebkar, A., & Mohammadpour, A. H. (2016). Evaluation of the efficacy of a polyherbal mouthwash containing Zingiber officinale, Rosmarinus officinalis and Calendula officinalis extracts in patients with gingivitis: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 22, 93-98.
• In a study of 80 participants, an herbal toothpaste that included about 9 herbs, including clove, ginger, and black pepper, helped reduced gingivitis.  From:  Howshigan, J., Perera, K., Samita, S., & Rajapakse, P. S. (2015). The effects of an Ayurvedic medicinal toothpaste on clinical, microbiological and oral hygiene parameters in patients with chronic gingivitis: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel allocation clinical trial. Ceylon. Med. J, 126-132.
• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.
• Ethenol extracts from Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, and Zingiber officinale showed antimicrobial activity against most tested oral microbes. From: Gauniyal, P., & Teotia, U. V. S. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against oral flora. Asian Pac J Health Sci, 1(3), 255-63.

GOTU KOLA

• Ethenol extracts from Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, and Zingiber officinale showed antimicrobial activity against most tested oral microbes. From: Gauniyal, P., & Teotia, U. V. S. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against oral flora. Asian Pac J Health Sci, 1(3), 255-63.

GREEN TEA

• In this review of research, the author concludes: pomegranate, aloe, green tea, and miswak have a large amount of evidence supporting their effectiveness against gingivitis. From:  Safiaghdam, H., Oveissi, V., Bahramsoltani, R., Farzaei, M. H., & Rahimi, R. (2018). Medicinal plants for gingivitis: a review of clinical trials. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 21(10), 978.
• This article reviews plants used in oral health and includes pomegranate, German chamomile, green tea, Diospyros mespiliformis, Diospyros lycioides, Salvadora persica, honey and propolis from the manuka tree, rhubarb, raisins, essential oils (thyme, cajuput, manuka, and verbena), probiotics and mushrooms. From: Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Tropica, 154, 6-18.

GUAVA

• In this review of research of herbs to help with gingivitis, neem, clove, holy basil, cranberry, frankincense, pomegranate, and guava were mentioned.  From:  Lakshmi, T., Rajesvari, R., Selvaraj, A., & Parameswari, R. (2017). Herbal care for dental plaque-induced gingivitis: A review. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research| Jul-Sep, 7(3).

HONEY

• This article reviews plants used in oral health and includes pomegranate, German chamomile, green tea, Diospyros mespiliformis, Diospyros lycioides, Salvadora persica, honey and propolis from the manuka tree, rhubarb, raisins, essential oils (thyme, cajuput, manuka, and verbena), probiotics and mushrooms. From: Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Tropica, 154, 6-18.

• Neck and cancer patients who received radiation had delayed onset of mucositis and reduced pain and oral symptoms from gargling a blend with manuka and kanuka.  From:  Maddocks-Jennings, W., Wilkinson, J. M., Cavanagh, H. M., & Shillington, D. (2009). Evaluating the effects of the essential oils Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) and Kunzea ericoides (kanuka) on radiotherapy induced mucositis: a randomized, placebo controlled feasibility study. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13(2), 87-93.

LADY’S MANTLE

• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.

LAVENDER

• In a clinical study with 115 patients, mouth ulcer inflammation level, size, healing time, and pain with lavender oil compared to the placebo.  From:  Altaei, D. T. (2012). Topical lavender oil for the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulceration. American journal of dentistry, 25(1), 39-43.  Read more…
• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.
• Hospice patients with terminal cancer had improved oral health with using a mixture including geranium, lavender, tea tree, and peppermint.  From:  Kang, H. Y., Na, S. S., & Kim, Y. K. (2010). Effects of Oral Care with Essential Oil on Improvement in Oral Health Status of Hospice Patients. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 40(4).
• Orange and lavender aromatherapy reduced anxiety and improved mood in patients waiting for dental treatment.  From:  Lehrner, J., Marwinski, G., Lehr, S., Johren, P., & Deecke, L. (2005). Ambient odors of orange and lavender reduce anxiety and improve mood in a dental office. Physiology & Behavior, 86(1), 92-95.
• Lavender scent reduced anxiety in dental patients.  From:  Kritsidima, M., Newton, T., & Asimakopoulou, K. (2010). The effects of lavender scent on dental patient anxiety levels: a cluster randomised‐controlled trial. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, 38(1), 83-87.
• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.

LICORICE

• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.
• Ethenol extracts from Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, and Zingiber officinale showed antimicrobial activity against most tested oral microbes. From: Gauniyal, P., & Teotia, U. V. S. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against oral flora. Asian Pac J Health Sci, 1(3), 255-63.

LEMON

• In a random study of 83 patients, either a lemongrass infusion or lemon juice taken for 11 days, were both helpful in reducing thrush in AIDS patients.  From:  Wright, S. C., Maree, J. E., & Sibanyoni, M. (2009). Treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients with lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and gentian violet. Phytomedicine, 16(2-3), 118-124.
• Lemon essential oil components were effective against oral bacteria.  From:  Miyake, Y., & Hiramitsu, M. (2011). Isolation and extraction of antimicrobial substances against oral bacteria from lemon peel. Journal of food science and technology, 48(5), 635-639.
• Both Citrus limonum and Citrus aurantium essential oils are effective in controlling microbes in the oral cavity.  From:  Oliveira, S. A. C., Zambrana, J. R. M., Di Iorio, F. B. R., Pereira, C. A., & Jorge, A. O. C. (2014). The antimicrobial effects of Citrus limonum and Citrus aurantium essential oils on multi-species biofilms. Brazilian oral research, 28(1), 22-27.

LEMONGRASS

• In a double blind study with 20 volunteers, a lemongrass mouthrinse taken for 8 days reduced oral bacteria and bad breathe.  From:  Satthanakul, P., Taweechaisupapong, S., Paphangkorakit, J., Pesee, M., Timabut, P., & Khunkitti, W. (2015). Antimicrobial effect of lemongrass oil against oral malodour micro‐organisms and the pilot study of safety and efficacy of lemongrass mouthrinse on oral malodour. Journal of applied microbiology, 118(1), 11-17.
• In a 21 day study with 60 subjects, a 0.25% lemongrass oil mouthwash was more effective than chlorhexidine mouthwash in reducing plaque and gingivitis.  From:  Dany, S. S., Mohanty, P., Tangade, P., Rajput, P., & Batra, M. (2015). Efficacy of 0.25% lemongrass oil mouthwash: A three arm prospective parallel clinical study. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 9(10), ZC13.
• In a random study of 83 patients, either a lemongrass infusion or lemon juice taken for 11 days, were both helpful in reducing thrush in AIDS patients.  From:  Wright, S. C., Maree, J. E., & Sibanyoni, M. (2009). Treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients with lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and gentian violet. Phytomedicine, 16(2-3), 118-124.
• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.

LIME

• Lime essential oil from the leaves and fruit peel were antibacterial against tested oral bacteria in vitro. From: Lemes, R. S., Alves, C. C., Estevam, E. B., Santiago, M. B., Martins, C. H., SANTOS, T. C. D., … & Miranda, M. L. (2018). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Citrus aurantifolia leaves and fruit peel against oral pathogenic bacteria. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 90(2), 1285-1292.
• Stems from orange and lime trees have been used as chewing sticks to clean teeth and freshen breathe. In vitro studies showed extracts of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantifolia were active against pathogens found on teeth. From: Nata’ala, M. K., Dalhat, M. H., Omoye, B. S., Isah, A. A., Kabiru, S., Bashiru, I., & Umar, F. A. (2018). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck [Orange] and Citrus aurantifolia (Cristm.) Swingle [Lime] Stem from Bacteria Associated with Dental Caries. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 1-9.

MANDRAKE

• Mandrake resin was effective in treating oral hairy leukoplakia caused by the Epstein Barr virus.  From:  Moura, M. D. G., Guimarães, T. R. M., Fonseca, L. M. S., de Almeida Pordeus, I., & Mesquita, R. A. (2007). A random clinical trial study to assess the efficiency of topical applications of podophyllin resin (25%) versus podophyllin resin (25%) together with acyclovir cream (5%) in the treatment of oral hairy leukoplakia. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 103(1), 64-71.
• A solution of 25% podophyllum resin was effective in treating HIV-infected patients with bilateral hairy leukoplakia on the tongue.  From:  Gowdey, G., Lee, R. K., & Carpenter, W. M. (1995). Treatment of HIV-related hairy leukoplakia with podophyllum resin 25% solution. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 79(1), 64-67.

MANUKA

• Neck and cancer patients who received radiation had delayed onset of mucositis and reduced pain and oral symptoms from gargling a blend with manuka and kanuka.  From:  Maddocks-Jennings, W., Wilkinson, J. M., Cavanagh, H. M., & Shillington, D. (2009). Evaluating the effects of the essential oils Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) and Kunzea ericoides (kanuka) on radiotherapy induced mucositis: a randomized, placebo controlled feasibility study. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13(2), 87-93.
• This article reviews plants used in oral health and includes pomegranate, German chamomile, green tea, Diospyros mespiliformis, Diospyros lycioides, Salvadora persica, honey and propolis from the manuka tree, rhubarb, raisins, essential oils (thyme, cajuput, manuka, and verbena), probiotics and mushrooms. From: Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Tropica, 154, 6-18.

MELISSA

• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.

MENTHOL

• Oral antibacterial effectiveness of essential oils is reviewed.  Oils include: Achillea ligustica (yarrow), Baccharis dracunculifolia, Croton cajucara (sacaca), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese red cedar), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), Lippia sidoides, Ocimum americanum (basil), and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). Constituents worth mentioning include menthol and eugenol.  From:  Freires, I. A., Denny, C., Benso, B., de Alencar, S. M., & Rosalen, P. L. (2015). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules, 20(4), 7329-7358.

MYRRH

• In a randomized controlled clinical study with 40 patients having moderate or severe periodontitis, an herbal mouthwash was assessed compared to a placebo. Both were taken twice a day for two minutes for 3 months. The herbal mouthwash contained Propolis resin extract, Plantago lanceolata, Salvia officinalis leaves extract, and 1.75% of essential oils (Salvia officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum buds, Mentha piperita leaves, Commiphora myrrha oleoresin and Pistacia lentiscus oleoresin). Results showed the herbal mouthwash reduced bleeding and plaque. From: Sparabombe, S., Monterubbianesi, R., Tosco, V., Orilisi, G., Hosein, A., Ferrante, L., … & Orsini, G. (2019). Efficacy of an all-natural polyherbal mouthwash in patients with periodontitis: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 632.
• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.
• In a study with 100 dental student volunteers, an herbal toothpaste containing chamomile, echinacea, sage, rhatany, myrrh and peppermint oil was just as effective as typical commercial toothpaste in oral hygiene measures.  From:  Mitra, D., Shah, S., Shah, R., Rodrigues, S., Pathare, P., & Vijayakar, H. (2015). Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of a Herbal Toothpaste in Comparison with a Triclosan Containing Toothpaste in a Population of Dental College Students–A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian Journal of Contemporary Dentistry, 3(2), 67-70.
• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.

MYRTLE

• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.
• Myrrh extracts were just as effective as chlorhexidine against an oral bacteria in vitro.  From:  Anand, S., Rajan, M., Venkateshbabu, N., Kandaswamy, D., Shravya, Y., & Rajeswari, K. (2016). Suppl-1, M2: Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Azadirachta Indica, Commiphora Myrrha, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Against Enterococcus Faecalis using Real Time PCR. The open dentistry journal, 10, 160.

NEEM

• In this review of research of herbs to help with gingivitis, neem, clove, holy basil, cranberry, frankincense, pomegranate, and guava were mentioned.  From:  Lakshmi, T., Rajesvari, R., Selvaraj, A., & Parameswari, R. (2017). Herbal care for dental plaque-induced gingivitis: A review. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research| Jul-Sep, 7(3).
• Ethenol extracts from Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, and Zingiber officinale showed antimicrobial activity against most tested oral microbes. From: Gauniyal, P., & Teotia, U. V. S. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against oral flora. Asian Pac J Health Sci, 1(3), 255-63.

NONI

• Noni extracts were antimicrobial against oral bacteria on the teeth.  From:  Murray, P. E., Farber, R. M., Namerow, K. N., Kuttler, S., & Garcia-Godoy, F. (2008). Evaluation of Morinda citrifolia as an endodontic irrigant. Journal of endodontics, 34(1), 66-70.

NUTMEG

• Nutmeg was effective against oral bacteria.  From:  Chung, J. Y., Choo, J. H., Lee, M. H., & Hwang, J. K. (2006). Anticariogenic activity of macelignan isolated from Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) against Streptococcus mutans. Phytomedicine, 13(4), 261-266.

ORANGE

• Orange and lavender aromatherapy reduced anxiety and improved mood in patients waiting for dental treatment.  From:  Lehrner, J., Marwinski, G., Lehr, S., Johren, P., & Deecke, L. (2005). Ambient odors of orange and lavender reduce anxiety and improve mood in a dental office. Physiology & Behavior, 86(1), 92-95.
• Stems from orange and lime trees have been used as chewing sticks to clean teeth and freshen breathe. In vitro studies showed extracts of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantifolia were active against pathogens found on teeth. From: Nata’ala, M. K., Dalhat, M. H., Omoye, B. S., Isah, A. A., Kabiru, S., Bashiru, I., & Umar, F. A. (2018). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck [Orange] and Citrus aurantifolia (Cristm.) Swingle [Lime] Stem from Bacteria Associated with Dental Caries. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 1-9.

PATCHOULI

• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.

PEPPER

• Ethenol extracts from Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, and Zingiber officinale showed antimicrobial activity against most tested oral microbes. From: Gauniyal, P., & Teotia, U. V. S. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against oral flora. Asian Pac J Health Sci, 1(3), 255-63.

PEPPERMINT

• In a randomized controlled clinical study with 40 patients having moderate or severe periodontitis, an herbal mouthwash was assessed compared to a placebo. Both were taken twice a day for two minutes for 3 months. The herbal mouthwash contained Propolis resin extract, Plantago lanceolata, Salvia officinalis leaves extract, and 1.75% of essential oils (Salvia officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum buds, Mentha piperita leaves, Commiphora myrrha oleoresin and Pistacia lentiscus oleoresin). Results showed the herbal mouthwash reduced bleeding and plaque. From: Sparabombe, S., Monterubbianesi, R., Tosco, V., Orilisi, G., Hosein, A., Ferrante, L., … & Orsini, G. (2019). Efficacy of an all-natural polyherbal mouthwash in patients with periodontitis: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 632.
• Hospice patients with terminal cancer had improved oral health with using a mixture including geranium, lavender, tea tree, and peppermint.  From:  Kang, H. Y., Na, S. S., & Kim, Y. K. (2010). Effects of Oral Care with Essential Oil on Improvement in Oral Health Status of Hospice Patients. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 40(4).
• A peppermint mouth rinse taken 3 times a day for one week reduced bad breath in a study with 84 students ages 14-18 years.  From:  Haghgoo, R., & Abbasi, F. (2013). Evaluation of the use of a peppermint mouth rinse for halitosis by girls studying in Tehran high schools. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 3(1), 29.
• A product containing aloe vera and peppermint was taken for 5 days by patients in intensive care. It relieved mouth dryness, prevented dental plaque formation, and improved oral health compared to the placebo.  Atashi, V., Yazdannik, A., Mahjobipoor, H., Ghafari, S., Bekhradi, R., & Yousefi, H. (2018). The effects of Aloe vera-Peppermint (Veramin) moisturizing gel on mouth dryness and oral health among patients hospitalized in intensive care units: A triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of research in pharmacy practice, 7(2), 104.
• In a study with 100 dental student volunteers, an herbal toothpaste containing chamomile, echinacea, sage, rhatany, myrrh and peppermint oil was just as effective as typical commercial toothpaste in oral hygiene measures.  From:  Mitra, D., Shah, S., Shah, R., Rodrigues, S., Pathare, P., & Vijayakar, H. (2015). Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of a Herbal Toothpaste in Comparison with a Triclosan Containing Toothpaste in a Population of Dental College Students–A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian Journal of Contemporary Dentistry, 3(2), 67-70.
• An herbal mouthwash containing Salvadora persica (toothbrush tree), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Piper betle (betel), Gaultheria fragrantissima (Indian Wintergreen), Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom), Peppermint satva (peppermint), and Trachyspermum ammi (ajowan) was assessed in this randomized study of 90 nursing students.  It improved plaque and gingivitis issues over this 21 day study.  From:  Bagchi, S., Saha, S., Jagannath, G., Reddy, V., & Sinha, P. (2015). Evaluation of efficacy of a commercially available herbal mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis: A double-blinded parallel randomized controlled trial. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, 13(3), 222-222.
• Against oral bacteria, Australian tea tree, peppermint, and sage oil as well as the thymol and eugenol constituents were potent.  From:  Shapiro, S., Meier, A., & Guggenheim, B. (1994). The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria. Oral microbiology and immunology, 9(4), 202-208.
• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.

PISTACHIO

• In a randomized controlled clinical study with 40 patients having moderate or severe periodontitis, an herbal mouthwash was assessed compared to a placebo. Both were taken twice a day for two minutes for 3 months. The herbal mouthwash contained Propolis resin extract, Plantago lanceolata, Salvia officinalis leaves extract, and 1.75% of essential oils (Salvia officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum buds, Mentha piperita leaves, Commiphora myrrha oleoresin and Pistacia lentiscus oleoresin). Results showed the herbal mouthwash reduced bleeding and plaque. From: Sparabombe, S., Monterubbianesi, R., Tosco, V., Orilisi, G., Hosein, A., Ferrante, L., … & Orsini, G. (2019). Efficacy of an all-natural polyherbal mouthwash in patients with periodontitis: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 632.

PLANTAIN

• In a randomized controlled clinical study with 40 patients having moderate or severe periodontitis, an herbal mouthwash was assessed compared to a placebo. Both were taken twice a day for two minutes for 3 months. The herbal mouthwash contained Propolis resin extract, Plantago lanceolata, Salvia officinalis leaves extract, and 1.75% of essential oils (Salvia officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum buds, Mentha piperita leaves, Commiphora myrrha oleoresin and Pistacia lentiscus oleoresin). Results showed the herbal mouthwash reduced bleeding and plaque. From: Sparabombe, S., Monterubbianesi, R., Tosco, V., Orilisi, G., Hosein, A., Ferrante, L., … & Orsini, G. (2019). Efficacy of an all-natural polyherbal mouthwash in patients with periodontitis: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 632.

POMOGRANATE

• In this review of research, the author concludes: pomegranate, aloe, green tea, and miswak have a large amount of evidence supporting their effectiveness against gingivitis. From:  Safiaghdam, H., Oveissi, V., Bahramsoltani, R., Farzaei, M. H., & Rahimi, R. (2018). Medicinal plants for gingivitis: a review of clinical trials. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 21(10), 978.
• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.
• In this review of research of herbs to help with gingivitis, neem, clove, holy basil, cranberry, frankincense, pomegranate, and guava were mentioned.  From:  Lakshmi, T., Rajesvari, R., Selvaraj, A., & Parameswari, R. (2017). Herbal care for dental plaque-induced gingivitis: A review. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research| Jul-Sep, 7(3).

ROMAN CHAMOMILE

• In a study of 55 patients with oral lichen planus, half were treated with a 2% Chamaemelum nobile gel for 4 weeks.  Results showed a change in total antioxidant saliva in the chamomile group that helped reduced pain, drainage, and dry mouth.  From:  Tvarijonaviciute, A., Aznar-Cayuela, C., Rubio, C. P., Tecles, F., Ceron, J. J., & López-Jornet, P. (2018). Salivary Antioxidant Status in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus: Correlation with Clinical Signs and Evolution during Treatment with Chamaemelum nobile. BioMed research international, 2018.
• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.
• In a study of 101 patients with recurrent mouth ulcers, a Zataria multiflora and Anthemis nobilis preparation was better than an M. communis preparation at reducing pain.  From:  Jafari, S., Amanlou, M., Borhan-mojabi, K., & Farsam, H. (2003). Comparartive study of Zataria multiflora and Anthemis nobelis extracts with Myrthus communis preparation in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(1), 23-7.
• Roman chamomile extracts and essential oil were effective in vitro against bacterial strains that cause oral gingivitis and periodontitis.  From:  Saderi, H., Owlia, P., Hosseini, A., & Semiyari, H. (2003, February). Antimicrobial effects of chamomile extract and essential oil on clinically isolated Porphyromonas gingivalis from periodontitis. In III WOCMAP Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Volume 6: Traditional Medicine and Nutraceuticals 680 (pp. 145-146).

ROSE

• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.

ROSEMARY

• In a study of 110 volunteers, half the group used a rosemary toothpaste for 30 days. It was just as effective in treating gingivitis bleeding and bacterial plaque as the conventional toothpaste group. From: Valones, M. A., Silva, I. C. G., Gueiros, L. A. M., Leão, J. C., Caldas Jr, A. F., & Carvalho, A. A. T. (2019). Clinical Assessment of Rosemary-based Toothpaste (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.): A Randomized Controlled Double-blind Study. Brazilian dental journal, 30(2), 146-151.
• Oral antibacterial effectiveness of essential oils is reviewed.  Oils include: Achillea ligustica (yarrow), Baccharis dracunculifolia, Croton cajucara (sacaca), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese red cedar), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), Lippia sidoides, Ocimum americanum (basil), and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). Constituents worth mentioning include menthol and eugenol.  From:  Freires, I. A., Denny, C., Benso, B., de Alencar, S. M., & Rosalen, P. L. (2015). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules, 20(4), 7329-7358.
• A mouthwash containing 5% extracts from ginger, rosemary, and calendula was effective against gingivitis and plaque in 50 patients in this double blind randomized placebo controlled study.  From:  Mahyari, S., Mahyari, B., Emami, S. A., Malaekeh-Nikouei, B., Jahanbakhsh, S. P., Sahebkar, A., & Mohammadpour, A. H. (2016). Evaluation of the efficacy of a polyherbal mouthwash containing Zingiber officinale, Rosmarinus officinalis and Calendula officinalis extracts in patients with gingivitis: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 22, 93-98.
• Rosemary showed activity against oral bacteria in vitro.  From:  Silva, M. D. S. A., Silva, M. A. R., Higino, J. S., Pereira, M. S. V., & Carvalho, A. D. A. (2008). In vitro antimicrobial activity and anti-adherence of Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. against oral planktonic bacteria. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 18(2), 236-240.
• Rosemary extracts were antimicrobial against oral microbes and showed anti-inflammatory action in vitro.  From:  de Oliveira, J. R., de Jesus, D., Figueira, L. W., de Oliveira, F. E., Pacheco Soares, C., Camargo, S. E. A., … & de Oliveira, L. D. (2017). Biological activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L.(rosemary) extract as analyzed in microorganisms and cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 242(6), 625-634.

RHUBARB

• This article reviews plants used in oral health and includes pomegranate, German chamomile, green tea, Diospyros mespiliformis, Diospyros lycioides, Salvadora persica, honey and propolis from the manuka tree, rhubarb, raisins, essential oils (thyme, cajuput, manuka, and verbena), probiotics and mushrooms. From: Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Tropica, 154, 6-18.

SAGE

• In a randomized controlled clinical study with 40 patients having moderate or severe periodontitis, an herbal mouthwash was assessed compared to a placebo. Both were taken twice a day for two minutes for 3 months. The herbal mouthwash contained Propolis resin extract, Plantago lanceolata, Salvia officinalis leaves extract, and 1.75% of essential oils (Salvia officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum buds, Mentha piperita leaves, Commiphora myrrha oleoresin and Pistacia lentiscus oleoresin). Results showed the herbal mouthwash reduced bleeding and plaque. From: Sparabombe, S., Monterubbianesi, R., Tosco, V., Orilisi, G., Hosein, A., Ferrante, L., … & Orsini, G. (2019). Efficacy of an all-natural polyherbal mouthwash in patients with periodontitis: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 632.
• In a study with 100 dental student volunteers, an herbal toothpaste containing chamomile, echinacea, sage, rhatany, myrrh and peppermint oil was just as effective as typical commercial toothpaste in oral hygiene measures.  From:  Mitra, D., Shah, S., Shah, R., Rodrigues, S., Pathare, P., & Vijayakar, H. (2015). Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of a Herbal Toothpaste in Comparison with a Triclosan Containing Toothpaste in a Population of Dental College Students–A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian Journal of Contemporary Dentistry, 3(2), 67-70.
• Against oral bacteria, Australian tea tree, peppermint, and sage oil as well as the thymol and eugenol constituents were potent.  From:  Shapiro, S., Meier, A., & Guggenheim, B. (1994). The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria. Oral microbiology and immunology, 9(4), 202-208.

SNAKEROOT

• Research was reviewed on the following plants for treating recurrent apthous (mouth) ulcers: Satureja khuzistanica, Aloe vera, Myrrh, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rhizophora mangle, Chamomile, Rosa damascena, Nicotiana tabacum, Punica granatum, Ageratina pichinchensis, Norwegian LongoVital, Lavendula angustifolia oil, and Perilla frutescens oil. From: Heydarpour, F., Abasabadi, M., Shahpiri, Z., Vaziri, S., Nazari, H. A., Najafi, F., … & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Medicinal plant and their bioactive phytochemicals in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: A review of clinical trials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 27.

SPEARMINT

• Essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Mentha spicata significantly retarded dental biofilm formation. From:  Rasooli, I., Shayegh, S., & Astaneh, S. D. A. (2009). The effect of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils on dental biofilm. International journal of dental hygiene, 7(3), 196-203.

TEA TREE

• In this review of research, the author concluded: tea tree oil has anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial properties which can be applied to the periodontal tissues.  More research is warranted.  From:  Casarin, M., Pazinatto, J., Santos, R. C. V., & Zanatta, F. B. (2018). Melaleuca alternifolia and its application against dental plaque and periodontal diseases: A systematic review. Phytotherapy Research, 32(2), 230-242.
• Hospice patients with terminal cancer had improved oral health with using a mixture including geranium, lavender, tea tree, and peppermint.  From:  Kang, H. Y., Na, S. S., & Kim, Y. K. (2010). Effects of Oral Care with Essential Oil on Improvement in Oral Health Status of Hospice Patients. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 40(4).
• Tea tree showed antifungal activity against yeasts from cancer patients’ mouths in vitro.  From:  Bagg, J., Jackson, M. S., Sweeney, M. P., Ramage, G., & Davies, A. N. (2006). Susceptibility to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil of yeasts isolated from the mouths of patients with advanced cancer. Oral Oncology, 42(5), 487-492.
• Tea tree oral solution was effective for AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis refractory to fluconazole.  From:  Jandourek, A., Vaishampayan, J. K., & Vazquez, J. A. (1998). Efficacy of melaleuca oral solution for the treatment of fluconazole refractory oral candidiasis in AIDS patients. Aids, 12(9), 1033-1037.
• Melaleuca oral solutions reduced oropharyngeal candidiasis refractory to fluconazole in AIDS patients. From:  Vazquez, J. A., & Zawawi, A. A. (2002). Efficacy of alcohol-based and alcohol-free melaleuca oral solution for the treatment of fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS. HIV clinical trials, 3(5), 379-385.
• Tea tree reduced the inflammation of gingivitis in this double blind study.  From:  Soukoulis, S., & Hirsch, R. (2004). The effects of a tea tree oil‐containing gel on plaque and chronic gingivitis. Australian dental journal, 49(2), 78-83.
• In a study of 16 patients with gingivitis, a tea tree oil mouth rinse reduced inflammation and bacteria.  From:  Salvatori, C., Barchi, L., Guzzo, F., & Gargari, M. (2017). A comparative study of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of mouthrinse containing tea tree oil. ORAL & implantology, 10(1), 59.
• Against oral bacteria, Australian tea tree, peppermint, and sage oil as well as the thymol and eugenol constituents were potent.  From:  Shapiro, S., Meier, A., & Guggenheim, B. (1994). The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria. Oral microbiology and immunology, 9(4), 202-208.
• M. alternifolia oil mixed with tissue conditioner was effective in treating denture stomatitis.  From:  Catalán, A., Pacheco, J. G., Martínez, A., & Mondaca, M. A. (2008). In vitro and in vivo activity of Melaleuca alternifolia mixed with tissue conditioner on Candida albicans. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 105(3), 327-332.
• A variety of oral bacteria were affected by tea tree.  From:  Hammer, K. A., Dry, L., Johnson, M., Michalak, E. M., Carson, C. F., & Riley, T. V. (2003). Susceptibility of oral bacteria to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. Oral microbiology and immunology, 18(6), 389-392.
• Tea tree oil reduced oral microorganisms.  From:  Kulik, E., Lenkeit, K., & Meyer, J. (1999). Antimicrobial effects of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on oral microorganisms. Schweizer Monatsschrift fur Zahnmedizin= Revue mensuelle suisse d’odonto-stomatologie= Rivista mensile svizzera di odontologia e stomatologia, 110(11), 125-130.
• Tea tree reduced plaque formation and inflammation orally.  From:  Saxer, U. P., Stäuble, A., Szabo, S. H., & Menghini, G. (2003). Effect of mouthwashing with tea tree oil on plaque and inflammation. Schweizer Monatsschrift für Zahnmedizin= Revue mensuelle suisse d’odonto-stomatologie= Rivista mensile svizzera di odontologia e stomatologia/SSO, 113(9), 985.
• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.

THYME

• In a double blind randomized clinical trial of 68 elderly, a chlorhexidine-thymol varnish reduced the incidence of root caries.  From:  Baca, P., Clavero, J., Baca, A. P., González-Rodríguez, M. P., Bravo, M., & Valderrama, M. J. (2009). Effect of chlorhexidine-thymol varnish on root caries in a geriatric population: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Journal of dentistry, 37(9), 679-685.
• This article reviews plants used in oral health and includes pomegranate, German chamomile, green tea, Diospyros mespiliformis, Diospyros lycioides, Salvadora persica, honey and propolis from the manuka tree, rhubarb, raisins, essential oils (thyme, cajuput, manuka, and verbena), probiotics and mushrooms. From: Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Tropica, 154, 6-18.

THYMOL

• In a double blind randomized clinical trial of 68 elderly, a chlorhexidine-thymol varnish reduced the incidence of root caries.  From:  Baca, P., Clavero, J., Baca, A. P., González-Rodríguez, M. P., Bravo, M., & Valderrama, M. J. (2009). Effect of chlorhexidine-thymol varnish on root caries in a geriatric population: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Journal of dentistry, 37(9), 679-685.
• A mouth rinse containing thymol with eucalyptol and benzoic acid (Listerine) showed oral antifungal activity, especially against Candida albicans.  From:  Abirami, C. P., & Venugopal, P. V. (2005). Antifungal activity of three mouth rinses–in vitro study. Indian journal of pathology & microbiology, 48(1), 43-44.
• In a double blind randomized clinical trial of 68 elderly, a a chlorhexidine-thymol varnish reduced the incidence of root caries.  From:  Baca, P., Clavero, J., Baca, A. P., González-Rodríguez, M. P., Bravo, M., & Valderrama, M. J. (2009). Effect of chlorhexidine-thymol varnish on root caries in a geriatric population: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Journal of dentistry, 37(9), 679-685.
• A randomized double blind longitudinal study of 102 elderly showed chlorhexidine, thymol, and fluoride varnishes reduced root caries.  From:  Brailsford, S. R., Fiske, J., Gilbert, S., Clark, D., & Beighton, D. (2002). The effects of the combination of chlorhexidine/thymol-and fluoride-containing varnishes on the severity of root caries lesions in frail institutionalised elderly people. Journal of dentistry, 30(7), 319-324.
• The constituents of eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene were effective against oral bacteria.  From:  Miladi, H., Zmantar, T., Kouidhi, B., Al Qurashi, Y. M. A., Bakhrouf, A., Chaabouni, Y., … & Chaieb, K. (2017). Synergistic effect of eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene on inhibition of drug resistance and biofilm formation of oral bacteria. Microbial pathogenesis, 112, 156-163.
• This article discussed the reduction of oral bacteria with eugenol and thyme.  From:  Meeker, H., & Linke, H. A. (1988). The antibacterial action of eugenol, thyme oil, and related essential oils used in dentistry. Compendium (Newtown, Pa.), 9(1).
• Against oral bacteria, Australian tea tree, peppermint, and sage oil as well as the thymol and eugenol constituents were potent.  From:  Shapiro, S., Meier, A., & Guggenheim, B. (1994). The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria. Oral microbiology and immunology, 9(4), 202-208.
• The essential oil of Lippia sidoides (verbena), and its major components thymol and carvacrol exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against oral bacteria in vitro.  From:  Botelho, M. A., Nogueira, N. A. P., Bastos, G. M., Fonseca, S. G. C., Lemos, T. L. G., Matos, F. J. A., … & Brito, G. A. C. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 40(3), 349-356.

VERBENA

• The essential oil of Lippia sidoides (verbena), and its major components thymol and carvacrol exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against oral bacteria in vitro.  From:  Botelho, M. A., Nogueira, N. A. P., Bastos, G. M., Fonseca, S. G. C., Lemos, T. L. G., Matos, F. J. A., … & Brito, G. A. C. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 40(3), 349-356.
• This article reviews plants used in oral health and includes pomegranate, German chamomile, green tea, Diospyros mespiliformis, Diospyros lycioides, Salvadora persica, honey and propolis from the manuka tree, rhubarb, raisins, essential oils (thyme, cajuput, manuka, and verbena), probiotics and mushrooms. From: Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Tropica, 154, 6-18.

YARROW

• In a study of 56 cancer chemotherapy patients over two weeks, a distilled yarrow mouthwash healed oral mucositis more than a routine solution.  From:  Miranzadeh, S., Adib-Hajbaghery, M., Soleymanpoor, L., & Ehsani, M. (2015). Effect of adding the herb Achillea millefolium on mouthwash on chemotherapy induced oral mucositis in cancer patients: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 19(3), 207-213.
• Oral antibacterial effectiveness of essential oils is reviewed.  Oils include: Achillea ligustica (yarrow), Baccharis dracunculifolia, Croton cajucara (sacaca), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese red cedar), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), Lippia sidoides, Ocimum americanum (basil), and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). Constituents worth mentioning include menthol and eugenol.  From:  Freires, I. A., Denny, C., Benso, B., de Alencar, S. M., & Rosalen, P. L. (2015). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules, 20(4), 7329-7358.

YLANG YLANG

• Against the oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, the 13 most effective essential oils were: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalyptus. From: Park, C., & Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Oral Strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221.

By: Kathy Sadowski

Updated: 9/16/19